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With the increase of the adoption of blockchain technology in providing decentralized solutions to various problems, smart contracts have become more popular to the point that billions of US Dollars are currently exchanged every day through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Feng Mi , Chen Zhao , Zhuoyi Wang , Sadaf MD Halim , Xiaodi Li , Zhouxiang Wu , Latifur Khan , Bhavani Thuraisingham

Smart contracts are blockchain programs that often handle valuable assets. Writing secure smart contracts is far from trivial, and any vulnerability may lead to significant financial losses. To support developers in identifying and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Monika di Angelo , Thomas Durieux , João F. Ferreira , Gernot Salzer

The rise of decentralized applications (dApps) has made smart contracts imperative components of blockchain technology. As many smart contracts process financial transactions, their security is paramount. Moreover, the immutability of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Khalid Hassan , Saeed Moradi , Shaiful Chowdhury , Sara Rouhani

Context: Smart contract vulnerabilities pose significant security risks for the Ethereum ecosystem, driving the development of automated tools for detection and mitigation. Smart contracts are written in Solidity, a programming language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Gerardo Iuliano , Davide Corradini , Michele Pasqua , Mariano Ceccato , Dario Di Nucci

Turing completeness has made Ethereum smart contracts attractive to blockchain developers and attackers alike. To increase code security, many tools can now spot most known vulnerabilities$-$at the cost of production efficiency. Recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Tommaso Oss , Carlos E. Budde

Smart contracts are small programs on the blockchain that often handle valuable assets. Vulnerabilities in smart contracts can be costly, as time has shown over and over again. Countermeasures are high in demand and include best practice…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Monika di Angelo , Gernot Salzer

Smart contracts are programs running on a blockchain. They are immutable to change, and hence can not be patched for bugs once deployed. Thus it is critical to ensure they are bug-free and well-designed before deployment. A Contract defect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Jiachi Chen , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy , Daniel Xiapu Luo , Ting Chen

Smart contracts are programs that execute transactions involving independent parties and cryptocurrencies. As programs, smart contracts are susceptible to a wide range of errors and vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities can result in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Sundas Munir , Walid Taha

The use of blockchain and smart contracts have not stopped growing in recent years. Like all software that begins to expand its use, it is also beginning to be targeted by hackers who will try to exploit vulnerabilities in both the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Antonio López Vivar , Ana Lucila Sandoval Orozco , Luis Javier García Villalba

Smart contracts on Ethereum handle millions of U.S. Dollars and other financial assets. In the past, attackers have exploited smart contracts to steal these assets. The Ethereum community has developed plenty of tools to detect vulnerable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Chavhan Sujeet Yashavant , Saurabh Kumar , Amey Karkare

Blockchain technology (BT) Ethereum Smart Contracts allows programmable transactions that involve the transfer of monetary assets among peers on a BT network independent of a central authorizing agency. Ethereum Smart Contracts are programs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Noama Fatima Samreen , Manar H. Alalfi

Smart contracts are blockchain-based algorithms that execute when specific criteria are satisfied. They are often used to automate the implementation of an agreement so that all parties may be confident of the conclusion right away, without…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Harry Virani , Manthan Kyada

Many Ethereum smart contracts rely on block attributes such as block.timestamp or blockhash to generate random numbers for applications like lotteries and games. However, these values are predictable and miner-manipulable, creating the Bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hadis Rezaei , Rahim Taheri , Francesco Palmieri

Smart contracts are the cornerstone of decentralized applications and financial protocols, which extend the application of digital currency transactions. The applications and financial protocols introduce significant security challenges,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Hongli Peng , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li

Ethereum Smart Contracts based on Blockchain Technology (BT) enables monetary transactions among peers on a blockchain network independent of a central authorizing agency. Ethereum Smart Contracts are programs that are deployed as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Noama Fatima Samreen , Manar H. Alalfi

Blockchain programs (also known as smart contracts) manage valuable assets like cryptocurrencies and tokens, and implement protocols in domains like decentralized finance (DeFi) and supply-chain management. These types of applications…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Monika di Angelo , Thomas Durieux , João F. Ferreira , Gernot Salzer

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs running on the blockchain. They cannot be modified, even when bugs are detected. The Selfdestruct function is the only way to destroy a contract on the blockchain system and transfer all the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Jiachi Chen

Smart contract (SC) is an extension of BlockChain technology. Ethereum BlockChain was the first to incorporate SC and thus started a new era of crypto-currencies and electronic transactions. Solidity helps to program the SCs. Still, soon…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Zulfiqar Ali Khan , Akbar Siami Namin

Smart contracts are programs running on cryptocurrency (e.g., Ethereum) blockchains, whose popularity stem from the possibility to perform financial transactions, such as payments and auctions, in a distributed environment without need for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Ilya Grishchenko , Matteo Maffei , Clara Schneidewind

Poorly designed smart contracts are particularly vulnerable, as they may allow attackers to exploit weaknesses and steal the virtual currency they manage. In this study, we train a model using unsupervised learning to identify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hong-Sheng Huang , Jen-Yi Ho , Hao-Wen Chen , Hung-Min Sun