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As a simple technique to accelerate inference of large-scale pre-trained models, early exiting has gained much attention in the NLP community. It allows samples to exit early at internal classifiers without passing through the entire model.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Tianxiang Sun , Yunhua Zhou , Xiangyang Liu , Xinyu Zhang , Hao Jiang , Zhao Cao , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Early-Exit (EE) is a Large Language Model (LLM) architecture that accelerates inference by allowing easier tokens to be generated using only a subset of the model's layers. However, traditional batching frameworks are ill-suited for EE…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xuting Liu , Daniel Alexander , Siva Kesava Reddy Kakarla , Behnaz Arzani , Vincent Liu

Large language models have achieved remarkable capabilities, but their practical deployment is hindered by significant computational costs. While adaptive computation methods like early-exiting promise to reduce these costs, they introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Sangmin Bae

Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs are changing event extraction (EE): prompting and generation can often produce structured outputs in zero shot or few shot settings. Yet LLM based pipelines face deployment gaps, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Bobo Li , Xudong Han , Jiang Liu , Yuzhe Ding , Liqiang Jing , Zhaoqi Zhang , Jinheng Li , Xinya Du , Fei Li , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang , Aixin Sun , Philip S. Yu , Hao Fei

This paper presents a modular approach to accelerate inference in large language models (LLMs) by adding early exit heads at intermediate transformer layers. Each head is trained in a self-supervised manner to mimic the main model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Florian Valade

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have achieved remarkable success in tackling complex combinatorial optimization problems. However, EAs often demand carefully-designed operators with the aid of domain expertise to achieve satisfactory…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Shengcai Liu , Caishun Chen , Xinghua Qu , Ke Tang , Yew-Soon Ong

This paper investigates the capability of off-the-shelf large language models (LLMs) to solve the economic dispatch (ED) problem. ED is a hard-constrained optimization problem solved on a day-ahead timescale by grid operators to minimize…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-29 Sina Mohammadi , Ali Hassan , Rouzbeh Haghighi , Van-Hai Bui , Wencong Su

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) exhibit powerful capabilities for generating natural text. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) can discover diverse solutions to complex real-world problems. Motivated by the common collective and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Chao Wang , Jiaxuan Zhao , Licheng Jiao , Lingling Li , Fang Liu , Shuyuan Yang

We present LayerSkip, an end-to-end solution to speed-up inference of large language models (LLMs). First, during training we apply layer dropout, with low dropout rates for earlier layers and higher dropout rates for later layers, and an…

Deep learning (DL) techniques are increasingly pervasive across various domains, including wireless communication, where they extract insights from raw radio signals. However, the computational demands of DL pose significant challenges,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-05 Dieter Verbruggen , Hazem Sallouha , Sofie Pollin

Early Exiting is one of the most popular methods to achieve efficient inference. Current early exiting methods adopt the (weighted) sum of the cross entropy loss of all internal classifiers during training, imposing all these classifiers to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Ziqian Zeng , Yihuai Hong , Hongliang Dai , Huiping Zhuang , Cen Chen

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have grown increasingly large in size to achieve state of the art performance across a wide range of tasks. However, their high computational requirements make them less suitable for resource-constrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Divya Jyoti Bajpai , Manjesh Kumar Hanawal

Recent advances in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have led to significant performance improvements across many tasks. These gains come with a drastic increase in the models' size, potentially leading to slow and costly use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Tal Schuster , Adam Fisch , Jai Gupta , Mostafa Dehghani , Dara Bahri , Vinh Q. Tran , Yi Tay , Donald Metzler

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable strides in various tasks. Whether LLMs are competitive few-shot solvers for information extraction (IE) tasks, however, remains an open problem. In this work, we aim to provide a thorough…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Yubo Ma , Yixin Cao , YongChing Hong , Aixin Sun

Intermediate-layer predictions in large language models (LLMs) are informative but hard to decode accurately, especially at early layers. Existing lens-style methods typically rely on direct linear readout, which is simple but often drifts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ming Ma , Bowen Zheng , Zhongqiao Lin , Tianming Yang

Increasing the size of large language models (LLMs) has been shown to lead to better performance. However, this comes at the cost of slower and more expensive inference. Early-exiting is a promising approach for improving the efficiency of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Jort Vincenti , Karim Abdel Sadek , Joan Velja , Matteo Nulli , Metod Jazbec

Large Language Models (LLMs) have unveiled remarkable capabilities in understanding and generating both natural language and code, but LLM reasoning is prone to hallucination and struggle with complex, novel scenarios, often getting stuck…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Antonio Jimeno Yepes , Pieter Barnard

Early exiting allows instances to exit at different layers according to the estimation of difficulty. Previous works usually adopt heuristic metrics such as the entropy of internal outputs to measure instance difficulty, which suffers from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-04 Tianxiang Sun , Xiangyang Liu , Wei Zhu , Zhichao Geng , Lingling Wu , Yilong He , Yuan Ni , Guotong Xie , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

Machine learning (ML) inference platforms are tasked with balancing two competing goals: ensuring high throughput given many requests, and delivering low-latency responses to support interactive applications. Unfortunately, existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Yinwei Dai , Rui Pan , Anand Iyer , Kai Li , Ravi Netravali

By leveraging the data sample diversity, the early-exit network recently emerges as a prominent neural network architecture to accelerate the deep learning inference process. However, intermediate classifiers of the early exits introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Rongkang Dong , Yuyi Mao , Jun Zhang