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We propose a memory-efficient finetuning algorithm for large language models (LLMs) that supports finetuning LLMs with 65B parameters in 2/3/4-bit precision on as little as one 24GB GPU. Our method, modular low-rank adaptation (ModuLoRA),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Junjie Yin , Jiahao Dong , Yingheng Wang , Christopher De Sa , Volodymyr Kuleshov

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a crucial method for efficiently fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), with its effectiveness influenced by two key factors: rank selection and weight initialization. While numerous LoRA variants have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Haonan He , Peng Ye , Yuchen Ren , Yuan Yuan , Luyang Zhou , Shucun Ju , Lei Chen

Memory-efficient finetuning of large language models (LLMs) has recently attracted huge attention with the increasing size of LLMs, primarily due to the constraints posed by GPU memory limitations and the effectiveness of these methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Baohao Liao , Christian Herold , Shahram Khadivi , Christof Monz

The LoRA-finetuning quantization of LLMs has been extensively studied to obtain accurate yet compact LLMs for deployment on resource-constrained hardware. However, existing methods cause the quantized LLM to severely degrade and even fail…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Haotong Qin , Xudong Ma , Xingyu Zheng , Xiaoyang Li , Yang Zhang , Shouda Liu , Jie Luo , Xianglong Liu , Michele Magno

Deploying transformer-based neural networks on resource-constrained edge devices presents a significant challenge. This challenge is often addressed through various techniques, such as low-rank approximation and mixed-precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ofir Gordon , Ariel Lapid , Elad Cohen , Yarden Yagil , Arnon Netzer , Hai Victor Habi

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural language processing, enabling unprecedented capabilities in understanding and generating human-like text. However, the computational cost and convergence times associated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Kerim Büyükakyüz

Post-training quantization (PTQ) of large language models (LLMs) holds the promise in reducing the prohibitive computational cost at inference time. Quantization of all weight, activation and key-value (KV) cache tensors to 4-bit without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Utkarsh Saxena , Sayeh Sharify , Kaushik Roy , Xin Wang

This research paper investigates the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare, specifically focusing on enhancing medical decision support through Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) integrated with hospital-specific data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Mohammad Shoaib Ansari , Mohd Sohail Ali Khan , Shubham Revankar , Aditya Varma , Anil S. Mokhade

Quantization followed by parameter-efficient fine-tuning has emerged as a promising paradigm for downstream adaptation under tight GPU memory constraints. However, this sequential pipeline fails to leverage the intricate interaction between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Changhai Zhou , Shiyang Zhang , Yuhua Zhou , Qian Qiao , Jun Gao , Cheng Jin , Kaizhou Qin , Weizhong Zhang

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), as a representative Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT)method, significantly enhances the training efficiency by updating only a small portion of the weights in Large Language Models (LLMs). Recently,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Xijie Huang , Zechun Liu , Shih-Yang Liu , Kwang-Ting Cheng

Quantizing deep neural networks is an effective method for reducing memory consumption and improving inference speed, and is thus useful for implementation in resource-constrained devices. However, it is still hard for extremely low-bit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Kohei Yamamoto

Large language models (LLMs) are omnipresent, however their practical deployment is challenging due to their ever increasing computational and memory demands. Quantization is one of the most effective ways to make them more compute and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yelysei Bondarenko , Riccardo Del Chiaro , Markus Nagel

Traditional post-training quantization (PTQ) is considered an effective approach to reduce model size and accelerate inference of large-scale language models (LLMs). However, existing low-rank PTQ methods require costly fine-tuning to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Hongyaoxing Gul , Lijuan Hu , Shuzi Niu , Fangfang Liu

Low-rank adaptation is a popular parameter-efficient fine-tuning method for large language models. In this paper, we analyze the impact of low-rank updating, as implemented in LoRA. Our findings suggest that the low-rank updating mechanism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Ting Jiang , Shaohan Huang , Shengyue Luo , Zihan Zhang , Haizhen Huang , Furu Wei , Weiwei Deng , Feng Sun , Qi Zhang , Deqing Wang , Fuzhen Zhuang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) possess intrinsic reasoning and world-knowledge capabilities, yet adapting them for dense retrieval remains challenging. Existing approaches rely on invasive parameter updates, such as full…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haoran Lou , Ziyan Liu , Chunxiao Fan , Yuexin Wu , Yue Ming , Hao Wu , Kai Zuo , Yibo Chen , Xu Tang

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) lowers the computational and memory overhead of fine-tuning large models by updating a low-dimensional subspace of the pre-trained weight matrix. Albeit efficient, LoRA exhibits suboptimal convergence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yilang Zhang , Bingcong Li , Georgios B. Giannakis

Low Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as one of the most widely adopted methods for Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) of Large Language Models (LLMs). LoRA reduces the number of trainable parameters and memory usage while achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Justin Zhao , Timothy Wang , Wael Abid , Geoffrey Angus , Arnav Garg , Jeffery Kinnison , Alex Sherstinsky , Piero Molino , Travis Addair , Devvret Rishi

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) under resource constraints is a significant challenge in deep learning. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), pruning, and quantization are all effective methods for improving resource efficiency. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Changhai Zhou , Shiyang Zhang , Yuhua Zhou , Zekai Liu , Shichao Weng

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in NLP, but their demands hinder their widespread deployment. While Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) offers a solution, its extensive training costs make Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) a more practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Jing Liu , Ruihao Gong , Xiuying Wei , Zhiwei Dong , Jianfei Cai , Bohan Zhuang

Federated fine-tuning of pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) enables task-specific adaptation across diverse datasets while preserving privacy. However, challenges such as high computational and memory demands, heterogeneous client…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yang Su , Na Yan , Yansha Deng , Mischa Dohler , Robert Schober