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Counting is one of the fundamental abilities of large language models (LLMs) and large vision-language models (LVLMs). This paper examines how these foundation models represent and compute numerical information in counting tasks. We use…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hosein Hasani , Amirmohammad Izadi , Fatemeh Askari , Mobin Bagherian , Sadegh Mohammadian , Mohammad Izadi , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah

Counting the number of items in a visual scene remains a fundamental yet challenging task in computer vision. Traditional approaches to solving this problem rely on domain-specific counting architectures, which are trained using datasets…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Kuinan Hou , Jing Mi , Marco Zorzi , Lamberto Ballan , Alberto Testolin

Counting serves as a simple but powerful test of a Large Vision-Language Model's (LVLM's) reasoning; it forces the model to identify each individual object and then add them all up. In this study, we investigate how LVLMs implement counting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Liwei Che , Zhiyu Xue , Yihao Quan , Benlin Liu , Zeru Shi , Michelle Hurst , Jacob Feldman , Ruixiang Tang , Ranjay Krishna , Vladimir Pavlovic

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have recently gained attention due to their competitive performance on multiple downstream tasks, achieved by following user-input instructions. However, VLMs still exhibit several limitations in visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Simone Alghisi , Gabriel Roccabruna , Massimo Rizzoli , Seyed Mahed Mousavi , Giuseppe Riccardi

Large vision-language models (VLMs), such as CLIP, learn rich joint image-text representations, facilitating advances in numerous downstream tasks, including zero-shot classification and text-to-image generation. Nevertheless, existing VLMs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Roni Paiss , Ariel Ephrat , Omer Tov , Shiran Zada , Inbar Mosseri , Michal Irani , Tali Dekel

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have become a central focus of today's AI community, owing to their impressive abilities gained from training on large-scale vision-language data from the Web. These models have demonstrated strong performance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Xuyang Guo , Zekai Huang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Jiahao Zhang

Despite strong performance in visual understanding and language-based reasoning, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) struggle with tasks requiring integrated perception and symbolic computation. We study this limitation through visual equation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Monjoy Narayan Choudhury , Junling Wang , Yifan Hou , Mrinmaya Sachan

Vision--language models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance on complex multimodal reasoning tasks, yet they still fail on simple grounding skills such as object counting. Existing evaluations mostly assess only final outputs,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Duy Le Dinh Anh , Patrick Amadeus Irawan , Tuan Van Vo

The fusion of language and vision in large vision-language models (LVLMs) has revolutionized deep learning-based object detection by enhancing adaptability, contextual reasoning, and generalization beyond traditional architectures. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Ranjan Sapkota , Manoj Karkee

Recent research suggests that Vision Language Models (VLMs) often rely on inherent biases learned during training when responding to queries about visual properties of images. These biases are exacerbated when VLMs are asked highly specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Saurav Sengupta , Nazanin Moradinasab , Jiebei Liu , Donald E. Brown

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel at multimodal reasoning, yet it remains unclear whether their answers are grounded in visual evidence or driven by learned language and world priors. Counting provides a precise testbed: when visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Reem Alzahrani , Hassan Alshanqiti , Bushra Bin Hemid , Zaid Alyafeai , Abdelrahman Eldesokey , Bernard Ghanem

Vision-Language Model (VLM) have gained widespread adoption in Open-Vocabulary (OV) object detection and segmentation tasks. Despite they have shown promise on OV-related tasks, their effectiveness in conventional vision tasks has thus far…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yongchao Feng , Yajie Liu , Shuai Yang , Wenrui Cai , Jinqing Zhang , Qiqi Zhan , Ziyue Huang , Hongxi Yan , Qiao Wan , Chenguang Liu , Junzhe Wang , Jiahui Lv , Ziqi Liu , Tengyuan Shi , Qingjie Liu , Yunhong Wang

Inspired by the superior language abilities of large language models (LLM), large vision-language models (LVLM) have been recently explored by integrating powerful LLMs for improving the performance on complex multimodal tasks. Despite the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Yifan Li , Yifan Du , Kun Zhou , Jinpeng Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have experienced significant advancements in recent years. However, their performance still falls short in tasks requiring deep visual perception, such as identifying subtle differences between images. A…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Qingguo Hu , Ante Wang , Jia Song , Delai Qiu , Qingsong Liu , Jinsong Su

Pointing-based methods decompose complex tasks as sequential grounding and reasoning steps. Given a query, the model first grounds the relevant objects by generating their coordinates, and then predicts an answer conditioned on these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Simone Alghisi , Massimo Rizzoli , Seyed Mahed Mousavi , Giuseppe Riccardi

Repetitive action counting, which aims to count periodic movements in a video, is valuable for video analysis applications such as fitness monitoring. However, existing methods largely rely on regression networks with limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Ziyu Yao , Xuxin Cheng , Zhiqi Huang , Lei Li

Current large vision-language models (LVLMs) typically employ a connector module to link visual features with text embeddings of large language models (LLMs) and use end-to-end training to achieve multi-modal understanding in a unified…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zixian Guo , Ming Liu , Qilong Wang , Zhilong Ji , Jinfeng Bai , Lei Zhang , Wangmeng Zuo

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) are an extension of Large Language Models (LLMs) that facilitate processing both image and text inputs, expanding AI capabilities. However, LVLMs struggle with object hallucinations due to their reliance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Avshalom Manevich , Reut Tsarfaty

Object counting is a fundamental task in computer vision, with broad applicability in many real-world scenarios. Fully-supervised counting methods require costly point-level annotations per object. Few weakly-supervised methods leverage…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Xiaowen Zhang , Zijie Yue , Yong Luo , Cairong Zhao , Qijun Chen , Miaojing Shi

Large vision-language models (VLMs) are shown to learn rich joint image-text representations enabling high performances in relevant downstream tasks. However, they fail to showcase their quantitative understanding of objects, and they lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Harshvardhan Mestha , Tejas Agrawal , Karan Bania , Shreyas V , Yash Bhisikar
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