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Spatial inhomogeneity, temporal modulation, and engineered anisotropy of parameters of electromagnetic media offer numerous opportunities for manipulating light-matter interaction over the past decades. Here, we investigate a scenario in…

Time-varying photonic systems open new possibilities for controlling light, enabling photonic time crystals, time reflection and refraction, frequency conversion, synthetic gauge fields, optical nonreciprocity, among others. These effects…

Optics · Physics 2026-01-27 Zeki Hayran , John B. Pendry , Prasad P. Iyer , Francesco Monticone

We provide a theoretical framework to mold time-modulated lattices with frequency conversion and wave-steering capabilities. We initially focus on 1D lattices, whereby a sufficiently slow time-modulation of the stiffness is employed to…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Jonatha Santini , Emanuele Riva

Coherent wave control is of key importance across a broad range of fields such as electromagnetics, photonics, and acoustics. It enables us to amplify or suppress the outgoing waves via engineering amplitudes and phases of multiple…

We consider wave propagation through a 1D periodic network of slowly time-modulated interfaces. Each interface is modelled by time-dependent spring-mass jump conditions, where mass and rigidity interface parameters are modulated in time.…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Michaël Darche , Raphaël Assier , Sébastien Guenneau , Bruno Lombard , Marie Touboul

We analyze the propagation of an incident electromagnetic wave in a purely-time modulated medium. Precisely, we assume that the permeability is unchanged while the permittivity has a multiple-step profile in time and uniformly constant in…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2023-12-18 Mourad Sini , Haibing Wang , Qingyun Yao

Control over the interaction of waves with ultrafast time-varying materials - those that change on a time-scale commensurate with the wave period - holds much promise for developing a raft of new technologies. Time-varying materials…

Optics · Physics 2025-08-19 I. R. Hooper , D. B. Phillips , S. A. R. Horsley

Wave localization induced by spatial disorder is ubiquitous in physics. Here, we study the temporal analog of such phenomenon on water waves. Our time disordered media consists in a collection of temporal interfaces achieved through…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-02-16 Benjamin Apffel , Sander Wildeman , Antonin Eddi , Emmanuel Fort

Wave reflection and refraction at a time interface follow different conservation laws compared to conventional scattering at a spatial interface. This study presents the experimental demonstration of refraction and reflection of flexural…

We report experiments on the full space and time resolved statistics of capillary wave turbulence at the air-water interface. The three-dimensional shape of the free interface is measured as a function of time by using the optical method of…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2013-03-18 Michael Berhanu , Eric Falcon

The effective medium representation is fundamental in providing a performance-to-design approach for many devices based on metamaterials. While there are recent works in extending the effective medium concept into the temporal domain, a…

Applied Physics · Physics 2021-08-25 Xinhua Wen , Xinghong Zhu , Hong Wei Wu , Jensen Li

Space-time modulation of electromagnetic parameters offers novel exciting possibilities for advanced field manipulations. In this study, we explore wave scattering from a time-varying interface characterized by a Lorentz-type dispersion…

Exotic forms of wave control have been emerging by engineering matter in space and time. In this framework, temporal photonic interfaces, i.e., abrupt changes in the electromagnetic properties of a material, have been shown to induce…

Space-time materials are obtained by modulating a physical medium with a traveling-wave perturbation of one or several of its constitutive parameters, such as the density or the bulk modulus in the case of acoustic materials. When this…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-02-10 J. Galiana , J. Redondo , R. Picó , V. J. Sánchez-Morcillo

Rapid modulation of the electromagnetic response in both time and space creates temporal boundaries in the medium and leads to time-reflection and time-refraction of light and to the eventual formation of the photonic time crystal within…

Optics · Physics 2024-10-01 Evgenii E. Narimanov

The control of reflection and refraction at interfaces using engineered media is central to numerous optical technologies, with negative refraction and the suppression of backscattering representing two prominent research frontiers. In this…

Optics · Physics 2026-04-10 Yongge Wang , Jingfeng Yao , Chengxun Yuan , Zhongxiang Zhou

Using time as an additional design parameter in electromagnetism, photonics, and wave physics is attracting considerable research interest, motivated by the possibility to explore physical phenomena and engineering opportunities beyond the…

Optics · Physics 2024-11-12 Matteo Ciabattoni , Zeki Hayran , Francesco Monticone

In this work, we theoretically study temporal interfaces between media with strong spatial dispersion and dielectrics. In particular, we consider a temporal discontinuity that transforms a wire medium sample, a metamaterial with resonant…

Studying the topology of spatiotemporal media poses a fundamental challenge: their remarkable properties stem from breaking spatial and temporal symmetries, yet this same breaking obscures their topological characterization. Here, we show…

Optics · Physics 2026-02-27 Alejandro Caballero , Thomas F. Allard , Paloma A. Huidobro

Time modulation can cause gain and loss in photonic media, leading to complex modal behaviors and enhanced wave controllability in the non-Hermitian regime. Conversely, we reveal that Hermiticity and parity-time $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetry…

Optics · Physics 2025-07-08 Rui-Chuan Zhang , Shu Yang , Yixin Sha , Zetao Xie , Yi Yang