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Retrosynthesis is the process of determining the set of reactant molecules that can react to form a desired product. Semi-template-based retrosynthesis methods, which imitate the reverse logic of synthesis reactions, first predict the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Frazier N. Baker , Ziqi Chen , Daniel Adu-Ampratwum , Xia Ning

Single-step retrosynthesis aims to predict a set of reactions that lead to the creation of a target molecule, which is a crucial task in molecular discovery. Although a target molecule can often be synthesized with multiple different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Piotr Gaiński , Michał Koziarski , Krzysztof Maziarz , Marwin Segler , Jacek Tabor , Marek Śmieja

Retrosynthesis poses a key challenge in biopharmaceuticals, aiding chemists in finding appropriate reactant molecules for given product molecules. With reactants and products represented as 2D graphs, retrosynthesis constitutes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yiming Wang , Yuxuan Song , Yiqun Wang , Minkai Xu , Rui Wang , Hao Zhou , Wei-Ying Ma

Recent progress has expanded the use of large language models (LLMs) in drug discovery, including synthesis planning. However, objective evaluation of retrosynthesis performance remains limited. Existing benchmarks and metrics typically…

A fundamental problem in organic chemistry is identifying and predicting the series of reactions that synthesize a desired target product molecule. Due to the combinatorial nature of the chemical search space, single-step reactant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Robin Yadav , Qi Yan , Guy Wolf , Avishek Joey Bose , Renjie Liao

We propose HydraScreen, a deep-learning approach that aims to provide a framework for more robust machine-learning-accelerated drug discovery. HydraScreen utilizes a state-of-the-art 3D convolutional neural network, designed for the…

We describe a fully data driven model that learns to perform a retrosynthetic reaction prediction task, which is treated as a sequence-to-sequence mapping problem. The end-to-end trained model has an encoder-decoder architecture that…

Reaction prediction, a critical task in synthetic chemistry, is to predict the outcome of a reaction based on given reactants. Generative models like Transformer have typically been employed to predict the reaction product. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Taicheng Guo , Changsheng Ma , Xiuying Chen , Bozhao Nan , Kehan Guo , Shichao Pei , Nitesh V. Chawla , Olaf Wiest , Xiangliang Zhang

A significant challenge in wet lab experiments with current drug design generative models is the trade-off between pharmacological properties and synthesizability. Molecules predicted to have highly desirable properties are often difficult…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Songtao Liu , Dandan Zhang , Zhengkai Tu , Hanjun Dai , Peng Liu

Reliably predicting the products of chemical reactions presents a fundamental challenge in synthetic chemistry. Existing machine learning approaches typically produce a reaction product by sequentially forming its subparts or intermediate…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Hangrui Bi , Hengyi Wang , Chence Shi , Connor Coley , Jian Tang , Hongyu Guo

Reaction condition recommendation sits immediately after retrosynthetic disconnection selection, and in practice, chemists require both accurate predictions and the precedents that justify them. We present HiRes (Hierarchical Reaction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Shreyas Vinaya Sathyanarayana , Raja Sekhar Pappala , Deepak Warrier

Template based single step retrosynthesis predicts reactants by selecting and applying an explicit reaction template, making each prediction traceable to a chemical transformation rule. This is useful for synthesis planning, but template…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Mohammad Jahid Ibna Basher , Ali Khodabandeh Yalabadi , Ivan Garibay , Ozlem Ozmen Garibay

The problem of retrosynthetic planning can be framed as one player game, in which the chemist (or a computer program) works backwards from a molecular target to simpler starting materials though a series of choices regarding which reactions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-23 John S. Schreck , Connor W. Coley , Kyle J. M. Bishop

Recent advances in machine learning (ML) have expedited retrosynthesis research by assisting chemists to design experiments more efficiently. However, all ML-based methods consume substantial amounts of paired training data (i.e., chemical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Xu Zhang , Yiming Mo , Wenguan Wang , Yi Yang

We introduce MHNpath, a machine learning-driven retrosynthetic tool designed for computer-aided synthesis planning. Leveraging modern Hopfield networks and novel comparative metrics, MHNpath efficiently prioritizes reaction templates,…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Shivesh Prakash , Nandan Patel , Hans-Arno Jacobsen , Viki Kumar Prasad

We present an attention-based Transformer model for automatic retrosynthesis route planning. Our approach starts from reactants prediction of single-step organic reactions for given products, followed by Monte Carlo tree search-based…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2019-06-07 Kangjie Lin , Youjun Xu , Jianfeng Pei , Luhua Lai

As a fundamental task in computational chemistry, retrosynthesis prediction aims to identify a set of reactants to synthesize a target molecule. Existing template-free approaches only consider the graph structures of the target molecule,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Yifeng Liu , Hanwen Xu , Tangqi Fang , Haocheng Xi , Zixuan Liu , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Sheng Wang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves factual grounding in large language models but suffers from substantial latency due to synchronous retrieval. While recent work explores asynchronous retrieval, existing approaches rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Wuyang Zhang , Shichao Pei

Accurate prediction of the physicochemical properties of molecular mixtures using graph neural networks remains a significant challenge, as it requires simultaneous embedding of intramolecular interactions while accounting for mixture…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Jinming Fan , Chao Qian , Wilhelm T. S. Huck , William E. Robinson , Shaodong Zhou

Medicinal synergy prediction is a powerful tool in drug discovery and development that harnesses the principles of combination therapy to enhance therapeutic outcomes by improving efficacy, reducing toxicity, and preventing drug resistance.…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Jiawei Wu , Jun Wen , Mingyuan Yan , Anqi Dong , Shuai Gao , Ren Wang , Can Chen