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Matrix multiplication is the dominant computation during Machine Learning (ML) inference. To efficiently perform such multiplication operations, Compute-in-memory (CiM) paradigms have emerged as a highly energy efficient solution. However,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Tanvi Sharma , Mustafa Ali , Indranil Chakraborty , Kaushik Roy

Conic optimization plays a crucial role in many machine learning (ML) problems. However, practical algorithms for conic constrained ML problems with large datasets are often limited to specific use cases, as stochastic algorithms for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Chuan He , Zhanwang Deng

The ability to dynamically allocate memory is fundamental in modern programming languages. However, this feature is not adequately supported in current general-purpose PIM devices. To identify key design principles that PIM must consider,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Dongjae Lee , Bongjoon Hyun , Youngjin Kwon , Minsoo Rhu

Triangle counting (TC) is a fundamental problem in graph analysis and has found numerous applications, which motivates many TC acceleration solutions in the traditional computing platforms like GPU and FPGA. However, these approaches suffer…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Xueyan Wang , Jianlei Yang , Yinglin Zhao , Yingjie Qi , Meichen Liu , Xingzhou Cheng , Xiaotao Jia , Xiaoming Chen , Gang Qu , Weisheng Zhao

Continuous-time stochastic processes pervade everyday experience, and the simulation of models of these processes is of great utility. Classical models of systems operating in continuous-time must typically track an unbounded amount of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-05 Thomas J. Elliott , Mile Gu

Large language models (LLMs) have excelled in various applications, yet serving them at scale is challenging due to their substantial resource demands and high latency. Our real-world studies reveal that over 70% of user requests to LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yifan Yu , Yu Gan , Nikhil Sarda , Lillian Tsai , Jiaming Shen , Yanqi Zhou , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Fan Lai , Henry M. Levy , David Culler

Stochastic computing (SC) offers significant reductions in hardware complexity for traditional convolutional neural networks(CNNs). However, despite its advantages, stochastic computing neural networks (SCNNs) often suffer from high…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Sheng Lu , Qianhou Qu , Sungyong Jung , Qilian Liang , Chenyun Pan

This paper discusses recent research that aims to enable computation close to data, an approach we broadly call processing-in-memory (PIM). PIM places computation mechanisms in or near where the data is stored (i.e., inside memory chips or…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Onur Mutlu , Saugata Ghose , Juan Gómez-Luna , Rachata Ausavarungnirun , Mohammad Sadrosadati , Geraldo F. Oliveira

The rapid advancement of deep learning is reshaping the hardware design landscape toward AI tasks, posing fundamental challenges for HPC workloads such as atomistic simulation. Here we present SMC-AI, a general algorithmic framework that…

Today's systems are overwhelmingly designed to move data to computation. This design choice goes directly against at least three key trends in systems that cause performance, scalability and energy bottlenecks: (1) data access from memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Onur Mutlu , Saugata Ghose , Juan Gómez-Luna , Rachata Ausavarungnirun

Finding the maximum cut of a graph (MAXCUT) is a classic optimization problem that has motivated parallel algorithm development. While approximate algorithms to MAXCUT offer attractive theoretical guarantees and demonstrate compelling…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Bradley H. Theilman , Yipu Wang , Ojas D. Parekh , William Severa , J. Darby Smith , James B. Aimone

Processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures have demonstrated great potential in accelerating numerous deep learning tasks. Particularly, resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices provide a promising hardware substrate to build PIM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Weidong Cao , Yilong Zhao , Adith Boloor , Yinhe Han , Xuan Zhang , Li Jiang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have been recently integrated into Transformer architectures due to their potential to reduce computational demands and to improve power efficiency. Yet, the implementation of the attention mechanism using…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zihang Song , Prabodh Katti , Osvaldo Simeone , Bipin Rajendran

Processing-in-Memory (PIM) architectures offer promising solutions for efficiently handling AI applications in energy-constrained edge environments. While traditional PIM designs enhance performance and energy efficiency by reducing data…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Sangmin Jeon , Kangju Lee , Kyeongwon Lee , Woojoo Lee

Memristor crossbar arrays have emerged as a key component for next-generation non-volatile memories, artificial neural networks, and analog in-memory computing (IMC) systems. By minimizing data transfer between the processor and memory,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Shah Zayed Riam , Zhenlin Pei , Kyle Mooney , Chenyun Pan , Na Gong , Jinhui Wang

Bit-serial Processing-In-Memory (PIM) is an attractive paradigm for accelerator architectures, for parallel workloads such as Deep Learning (DL), because of its capability to achieve massive data parallelism at a low area overhead and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Aman Arora , Jian Weng , Siyuan Ma , Tony Nowatzki , Lizy K. John

As an emerging type of AI computing accelerator, SRAM Computing-In-Memory (CIM) accelerators feature high energy efficiency and throughput. However, various CIM designs and under-explored mapping strategies impede the full exploration of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jinwu Chen , Yuhui Shi , He Wang , Zhe Jiang , Jun Yang , Xin Si , Zhenhua Zhu

Triangles are the basic substructure of networks and triangle counting (TC) has been a fundamental graph computing problem in numerous fields such as social network analysis. Nevertheless, like other graph computing problems, due to the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Xueyan Wang , Jianlei Yang , Yinglin Zhao , Xiaotao Jia , Rong Yin , Xuhang Chen , Gang Qu , Weisheng Zhao

In-memory computing architectures provide a much needed solution to energy-efficiency barriers posed by Von-Neumann computing due to the movement of data between the processor and the memory. Functions implemented in such in-memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Sina Sayyah Ensan , Karthikeyan Nagarajan , Mohammad Nasim Imtia Khan , Swaroop Ghosh

Spatially-coupled (SC) codes are a class of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes that have excellent performance thanks to the degrees of freedom they offer. An SC code is designed by partitioning a base matrix into components, the number…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Bade Aksoy , Doğukan Özbayrak , Ahmed Hareedy