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This article conducts an extensive examination of the persisting challenges related to smart contract attacks within blockchain networks, with a particular focus on the reentrancy attack. It emphasizes the inherent vulnerabilities embedded…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Simone Casale-Brunet , Marco Mattavelli

Smart contracts can implement and automate parts of legal contracts, but ensuring their legal compliance remains challenging. Existing approaches such as formal specification, verification, and model-based development require expertise in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chanuka Wijayakoon , Hai Dong , H. M. N. Dilum Bandara , Zahir Tari , Anurag Soin

This study analyzes the application of code-generating Large Language Models in the creation of immutable Solidity smart contracts on the Ethereum Blockchain. Other works have previously analyzed Artificial Intelligence code generation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Siddhartha Chatterjee , Bina Ramamurthy

Smart Contracts are programs running logic in the Blockchain network by executing operations through immutable transactions. The Blockchain network validates such transactions, storing them into sequential blocks of which integrity is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Francesco Salzano , Simone Scalabrino , Rocco Oliveto , Remo Pareschi

Smart contracts are decentralized applications built atop blockchains like Ethereum. Recent research has shown that large language models (LLMs) have potential in auditing smart contracts, but the state-of-the-art indicates that even GPT-4…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Wei Ma , Daoyuan Wu , Yuqiang Sun , Tianwen Wang , Shangqing Liu , Jian Zhang , Yue Xue , Yang Liu

Due to the modern relevance of blockchain technology, smart contracts present both substantial risks and benefits. Vulnerabilities within them can trigger a cascade of consequences, resulting in significant losses. Many current papers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Abhinav Jain , Ehan Masud , Michelle Han , Rohan Dhillon , Sumukh Rao , Arya Joshi , Salar Cheema , Saurav Kumar

Security issues are becoming increasingly significant with the rapid evolution of Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs). As NFTs are traded as digital assets, they have emerged as prime targets for cyber attackers. In the development of NFT smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yuanzheng Niu , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li

Deep learning-based approaches, particularly those leveraging pre-trained language models (PLMs), have shown promise in automated software vulnerability detection. However, existing methods are predominantly limited to specific programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Junji Yu , Honglin Shu , Michael Fu , Dong Wang , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Yasutaka Kamei , Junjie Chen

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. Despite being trained on large-scale, high-quality data, LLMs still fail to outperform traditional static analysis tools in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ying Zhou , Jiacheng Wei , Yu Qi , Faguo Wu , Xiao Zhang

Smart contracts, self-executing agreements directly encoded in code, are fundamental to blockchain technology, especially in decentralized finance (DeFi) and Web3. However, the rise of Ponzi schemes in smart contracts poses significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Cong Wu , Jing Chen , Ziwei Wang , Ruichao Liang , Ruiying Du

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are reshaping society's production methods and productivity, and also changing the paradigm of scientific research. Among them, the AI language model represented by…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Haoxiang Luo , Jian Luo , Athanasios V. Vasilakos

Large Language Models (LLMs) have training corpora containing large amounts of program code, greatly improving the model's code comprehension and generation capabilities. However, sound comprehensive research on detecting program…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Yu Liu , Lang Gao , Mingxin Yang , Yu Xie , Ping Chen , Xiaojin Zhang , Wei Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong potential across a variety of tasks in communications and networking due to their advanced reasoning capabilities. However, because different LLMs have different model structures and are…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Haoxiang Luo , Gang Sun , Yinqiu Liu , Dusit Niyato , Hongfang Yu , Mohammed Atiquzzaman , Schahram Dustdar

Since ChatGPT was introduced in November 2022, embedding (nearly) unnoticeable statistical signals into text generated by large language models (LLMs), also known as watermarking, has been used as a principled approach to provable detection…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Xiang Li , Feng Ruan , Huiyuan Wang , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Smart contract vulnerability detection draws extensive attention in recent years due to the substantial losses caused by hacker attacks. Existing efforts for contract security analysis heavily rely on rigid rules defined by experts, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Zhenguang Liu , Peng Qian , Xiaoyang Wang , Yuan Zhuang , Lin Qiu , Xun Wang

Smart contracts are prone to various vulnerabilities, leading to substantial financial losses over time. Current analysis tools mainly target vulnerabilities with fixed control or data-flow patterns, such as re-entrancy and integer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yuqiang Sun , Daoyuan Wu , Yue Xue , Han Liu , Haijun Wang , Zhengzi Xu , Xiaofei Xie , Yang Liu

Artificial Intelligence (AI) advancements have enabled the development of Large Language Models (LLMs) that can perform a variety of tasks with remarkable semantic understanding and accuracy. ChatGPT is one such LLM that has gained…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-02 M. Mehdi Kholoosi , M. Ali Babar , Roland Croft

Reentrancy remains one of the most critical classes of vulnerabilities in Ethereum smart contracts, yet widely used detection tools and datasets continue to reflect outdated patterns and obsolete Solidity versions. This paper adopts a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Dalila Ressi , Alvise Spanò , Matteo Rizzo , Lorenzo Benetollo , Sabina Rossi

With the growing development and deployment of large language models (LLMs) in both industrial and academic fields, their security and safety concerns have become increasingly critical. However, recent studies indicate that LLMs face…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Caleb Geren , Amanda Board , Gaby G. Dagher , Tim Andersen , Jun Zhuang

The increasing digitization of smart grids has improved operational efficiency but also introduced new cybersecurity vulnerabilities, such as False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs) targeting Automatic Generation Control (AGC) systems. While…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Muhammad Sharshar , Ahmad Mohammad Saber , Davor Svetinovic , Amr M. Youssef , Deepa Kundur , Ehab F. El-Saadany