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This paper proposes a novel approach for estimating treatment effects in panel data settings, addressing key limitations of the standard difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The standard approach relies on the parallel trends…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-14 Shoya Ishimaru

The Difference-in-Differences (DiD) method is a fundamental tool for causal inference, yet its application is often complicated by missing data. Although recent work has developed robust DiD estimators for complex settings like staggered…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-27 Lorenzo Testa , Edward H. Kennedy , Matthew Reimherr

Difference-in-differences (DiD) is one of the most popular approaches for empirical research in economics, political science, and beyond. Identification in these models is based on the conditional parallel trends assumption: In the absence…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-13 Philipp Bach , Sven Klaassen , Jannis Kueck , Mara Mattes , Martin Spindler

We propose a new method for estimating causal effects in longitudinal/panel data settings that we call generalized difference-in-differences. Our approach unifies two alternative approaches in these settings: ignorability estimators (e.g.,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-12 Denis Agniel , Max Rubinstein , Jessie Coe , Maria DeYoreo

Difference-in-differences (DID) is one of the most widely used causal inference frameworks in observational studies. However, most existing DID methods are designed for binary treatments and cannot be readily applied to non-binary treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-01 Siyu Heng , Yuan Huang , Hyunseung Kang

Difference-in-differences (DiD) is a popular approach to evaluate treatment effects in settings where both pre- and post-treatment measurements of the outcome are available. Despite its popularity, existing methods face important…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Chan Park , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

Applied analysts often use the differences-in-differences (DID) method to estimate the causal effect of policy interventions with observational data. The method is widely used, as the required before and after comparison of a treated and…

Applications · Statistics 2019-02-04 Luke J. Keele , Dylan S. Small , Jesse Y. Hsu , Colin B. Fogarty

Difference-in-differences is one of the most used identification strategies in empirical work in economics. This chapter reviews a number of important, recent developments related to difference-in-differences. First, this chapter reviews…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-08-02 Brantly Callaway

The difference-in-differences (DID) design is one of the most popular methods used in empirical economics research. However, there is almost no work examining what the DID method identifies in the presence of a misclassified treatment…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-01 Augustine Denteh , Désiré Kédagni

The difference-in-differences (DID) method identifies the average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) under mainly the so-called parallel trends (PT) assumption. The most common and widely used approach to justify the PT assumption is…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-08-23 Kyunghoon Ban , Désiré Kédagni

Difference-in-differences (DiD) is the most popular observational causal inference method in health policy, employed to evaluate the real-world impact of policies and programs. To estimate treatment effects, DiD relies on the "parallel…

Applications · Statistics 2024-08-09 Shuo Feng , Ishani Ganguli , Youjin Lee , John Poe , Andrew Ryan , Alyssa Bilinski

Difference-in-differences (DID) is one of the most popular tools used to evaluate causal effects of policy interventions. This paper extends the DID methodology to accommodate interval outcomes, which are often encountered in empirical…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-10 Daisuke Kurisu , Yuta Okamoto , Taisuke Otsu

Missing data are prevalent and present daunting challenges in real data analysis. While there is a growing body of literature on fairness in analysis of fully observed data, there has been little theoretical work on investigating fairness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Yiliang Zhang , Qi Long

We develop a new identification strategy for average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) in panel data with discrete outcomes. Standard difference-in-differences (DiD) relies on parallel trends, which is frequently violated in…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-10 Young Ahn , Hiroyuki Kasahara

Since the initial work by Ashenfelter and Card in 1985, the use of difference-in-differences (DID) study design has become widespread. However, as pointed out in the literature, this popular quasi-experimental design also suffers estimation…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-31 Xiaoming Wang , Sukun Wang

The method of difference-in-differences (DID) is widely used to study the causal effect of policy interventions in observational studies. DID employs a before and after comparison of the treated and control units to remove bias due to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-15 Ting Ye , Luke Keele , Raiden Hasegawa , Dylan S. Small

In this paper, we propose a new approach to causal inference with panel data. Instead of using panel data to adjust for differences in the distribution of unobserved heterogeneity between the treated and comparison groups, we instead use…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-01 Brantly Callaway , Derek Dyal , Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna , Emmanuel S. Tsyawo

Recently, there has been a surge in methodological development for the difference-in-differences (DiD) approach to evaluate causal effects. Standard methods in the literature rely on the parallel trends assumption to identify the average…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-17 Pan Zhao , Yifan Cui

Missing data has the potential to affect analyses conducted in all fields of scientific study, including healthcare, economics, and the social sciences. Several approaches to unbiased inference in the presence of non-ignorable missingness…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-09-01 Razieh Nabi , Rohit Bhattacharya , Ilya Shpitser

There is a long history of devleopment of methodology dealing with missing data in statistical analysis. Today, the most popular methods fall into two classes, Complete Cases (CC) and Multiple Imputation (MI). Another approach, Available…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-09-17 Xiao Gu , Norman Matloff
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