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The emergence of long-context large language models (LLMs) has enabled the use of hundreds, or even thousands, of demonstrations for in-context learning (ICL) - a previously impractical regime. This paper investigates whether traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Arjun R. Akula , Kazuma Hashimoto , Krishna Srinivasan , Aditi Chaudhary , Karthik Raman , Michael Bendersky

Multimodal in-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a key capability of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs), driven by their increasing scale and applicability. Despite its promise, effective ICL in the multimodal setting remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yanshu Li

In-context learning (ICL) in Large Language Models (LLMs) has emerged as a powerful new learning paradigm. However, its underlying mechanism is still not well understood. In particular, it is challenging to map it to the "standard" machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Roee Hendel , Mor Geva , Amir Globerson

Rehearsal-based techniques are commonly used to mitigate catastrophic forgetting (CF) in Incremental learning (IL). The quality of the exemplars selected is important for this purpose and most methods do not ensure the appropriate diversity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Sahil Nokhwal , Nirman Kumar

In-context learning (ICL) is an emerging capability of large autoregressive language models where a few input-label demonstrations are appended to the input to enhance the model's understanding of downstream NLP tasks, without directly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Zhuocheng Gong , Jiahao Liu , Qifan Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

Large Language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, where a LLM makes predictions for a given test input together with a few input-output pairs (demonstrations). Nevertheless, the inclusion of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Yichuan Li , Xiyao Ma , Sixing Lu , Kyumin Lee , Xiaohu Liu , Chenlei Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great performance in few-shot In-Context Learning (ICL) for a variety of generative and discriminative chemical design tasks. The newly expanded context windows of LLMs can further improve ICL…

Long-context large language models (LLMs) are able to process inputs containing up to several million tokens. In the scope of in-context learning (ICL), this translates into using hundreds/thousands of demonstrations in the input prompt,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Shahriar Golchin , Yanfei Chen , Rujun Han , Manan Gandhi , Tianli Yu , Swaroop Mishra , Mihai Surdeanu , Rishabh Agarwal , Chen-Yu Lee , Tomas Pfister

In-context Learning (ICL) is the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform new tasks when conditioned on prompts comprising a few task examples. However, ICL performance can be critically sensitive to the choice of examples. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Shivanshu Gupta , Clemens Rosenbaum , Ethan R. Elenberg

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong in-context learning abilities, yet their effectiveness in text classification depends heavily on prompt design and incurs substantial computational cost. Conformal In-Context Learning (CICLe)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Ippokratis Pantelidis , Korbinian Randl , Aron Henriksson

Preference-based reinforcement learning is an effective way to handle tasks where rewards are hard to specify but can be exceedingly inefficient as preference learning is often tabula rasa. We demonstrate that Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Chao Yu , Qixin Tan , Hong Lu , Jiaxuan Gao , Xinting Yang , Yu Wang , Yi Wu , Eugene Vinitsky

Owing to the capability of in-context learning, large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance across diverse mathematical reasoning benchmarks. However, we find that few-shot demonstrations can sometimes bring negative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Jiayu Liu , Zhenya Huang , Chaokun Wang , Xunpeng Huang , Chengxiang Zhai , Enhong Chen

In-context learning (ICL) is an effective approach to help large language models (LLMs) adapt to various tasks by providing demonstrations of the target task. Considering the high cost of labeling demonstrations, many methods propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Dingzirui Wang , Xuanliang Zhang , Qiguang Chen , Longxu Dou , Xiao Xu , Rongyu Cao , Yingwei Ma , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che , Binhua Li , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in natural language processing. The most representative ability of LLMs is in-context learning (ICL), which enables LLMs to learn patterns from in-context exemplars…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Jiachen Zhao

Despite the growing video understanding capabilities of recent Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), existing video benchmarks primarily assess understanding based on models' static, internal knowledge, rather than their ability to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yuhao Dong , Shulin Tian , Shuai Liu , Shuangrui Ding , Yuhang Zang , Xiaoyi Dong , Yuhang Cao , Jiaqi Wang , Ziwei Liu

Large language models (LLMs) exploit in-context learning (ICL) to solve tasks with only a few demonstrations, but its mechanisms are not yet well-understood. Some works suggest that LLMs only recall already learned concepts from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Jane Pan , Tianyu Gao , Howard Chen , Danqi Chen

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate emergent in-context learning capabilities, where they adapt to new tasks based on example demonstrations. However, in-context learning has seen limited effectiveness in many settings, is difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Sheng Liu , Haotian Ye , Lei Xing , James Zou

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across various tasks, but their performance on domain-specific tasks remains limited. While methods like retrieval augmented generation and fine-tuning can help to address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 M. Mehdi Mojarradi , Lingyi Yang , Robert McCraith , Adam Mahdi

Understanding in-context learning (ICL) capability that enables large language models (LLMs) to excel in proficiency through demonstration examples is of utmost importance. This importance stems not only from the better utilization of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Yuxiang Zhou , Jiazheng Li , Yanzheng Xiang , Hanqi Yan , Lin Gui , Yulan He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the impressive ability to perform in-context learning (ICL) from only a few examples, but the success of ICL varies widely from task to task. Thus, it is important to quickly determine whether ICL is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Harvey Yiyun Fu , Qinyuan Ye , Albert Xu , Xiang Ren , Robin Jia
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