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The first step in Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) algorithms for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification consists of tiling the input image into smaller patches and computing their feature vectors produced by a pre-trained feature extractor…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Juan I. Pisula , Katarzyna Bozek

Accurate classification of Whole Slide Images (WSIs) and Regions of Interest (ROIs) is a fundamental challenge in computational pathology. While mainstream approaches often adopt Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), they struggle to capture…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Mingxi Fu , Xitong Ling , Yuxuan Chen , Jiawen Li , fanglei fu , Huaitian Yuan , Tian Guan , Yonghong He , Lianghui Zhu

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) or histopathology images are used in digital pathology. WSIs pose great challenges to deep learning models for clinical diagnosis, owing to their size and lack of pixel-level annotations. With the recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Soham Rohit Chitnis , Sidong Liu , Tirtharaj Dash , Tanmay Tulsidas Verlekar , Antonio Di Ieva , Shlomo Berkovsky , Lovekesh Vig , Ashwin Srinivasan

Accurate diagnosis of disease often depends on the exhaustive examination of Whole Slide Images (WSI) at microscopic resolution. Efficient handling of these data-intensive images requires lossy compression techniques. This paper…

In recent years, the integration of pre-trained foundational models with multiple instance learning (MIL) has improved diagnostic accuracy in computational pathology. However, existing MIL methods focus on optimizing feature extractors and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Le Feng , Li Xiao

For many patients, current ovarian cancer treatments offer limited clinical benefit. For some therapies, it is not possible to predict patients' responses, potentially exposing them to the adverse effects of treatment without any…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-20 Jack Breen , Katie Allen , Kieran Zucker , Geoff Hall , Nishant Ravikumar , Nicolas M. Orsi

Histopathology image analysis can be considered as a Multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, where the whole slide histopathology image (WSI) is regarded as a bag of instances (i.e, patches) and the task is to predict a single class label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Meng Li , Lin Wu , Arnold Wiliem , Kun Zhao , Teng Zhang , Brian C. Lovell

Multi-modal learning adeptly integrates visual and textual data, but its application to histopathology image and text analysis remains challenging, particularly with large, high-resolution images like gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs).…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Quan Liu , Ruining Deng , Can Cui , Tianyuan Yao , Vishwesh Nath , Yucheng Tang , Yuankai Huo

Whole slide image (WSI) classification requires repetitive zoom-in and out for pathologists, as only small portions of the slide may be relevant to detecting cancer. Due to the lack of patch-level labels, multiple instance learning (MIL) is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Seongho Keum , Sanghyun Kim , Soojeong Lee , Juho Lee

A Whole Slide Image (WSI) is a high-resolution digital image created by scanning an entire glass slide containing a biological specimen, such as tissue sections or cell samples, at multiple magnifications. These images are digitally…

Annotating cancerous regions in whole-slide images (WSIs) of pathology samples plays a critical role in clinical diagnosis, biomedical research, and machine learning algorithms development. However, generating exhaustive and accurate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Zhenzhen Wang , Carla Saoud , Sintawat Wangsiricharoen , Aaron W. James , Aleksander S. Popel , Jeremias Sulam

Computational methods on analyzing Whole Slide Images (WSIs) enable early diagnosis and treatments by supporting pathologists in detection and classification of tumors. However, the extremely high resolution of WSIs makes end-to-end…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Umar Marikkar , Muhammad Awais , Sara Atito

The whole slide image (WSI) classification is often formulated as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem. Since the positive tissue is only a small fraction of the gigapixel WSI, existing MIL methods intuitively focus on identifying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Wenhao Tang , Sheng Huang , Xiaoxian Zhang , Fengtao Zhou , Yi Zhang , Bo Liu

Graph-based methods have been extensively applied to whole-slide histopathology image (WSI) analysis due to the advantage of modeling the spatial relationships among different entities. However, most of the existing methods focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Tsai Hor Chan , Fernando Julio Cendra , Lan Ma , Guosheng Yin , Lequan Yu

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the standard approach for whole-slide image (WSI) classification and survival prediction, where attention-based models ag gregate patch features into slide-level predictions. These models treat attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xiangyu Li , Ran Su

Multiple instance learning (MIL) models have achieved remarkable success in analyzing whole slide images (WSIs) for disease classification problems. However, with regard to gigapixel WSI classification problems, current MIL models are often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Ziyu Su , Mostafa Rezapour , Usama Sajjad , Metin Nafi Gurcan , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi

Graph-based Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is widely used in survival analysis with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E)-stained whole slide images (WSIs) due to its ability to capture topological information. However, variations in staining and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Min Cen , Zhenfeng Zhuang , Yuzhe Zhang , Min Zeng , Baptiste Magnier , Lequan Yu , Hong Zhang , Liansheng Wang

With the development of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and image scanning technology, Whole-slide Image (WSI) scanners are widely used in the field of pathological diagnosis. Therefore, WSI analysis has become the key to modern digital…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Chen Li , Xintong Li , Md Rahaman , Xiaoyan Li , Hongzan Sun , Hong Zhang , Yong Zhang , Xiaoqi Li , Jian Wu , Yudong Yao , Marcin Grzegorzek

Tissue phenotyping is a fundamental task in learning objective characterizations of histopathologic biomarkers within the tumor-immune microenvironment in cancer pathology. However, whole-slide imaging (WSI) is a complex computer vision in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Richard J. Chen , Rahul G. Krishnan

Representation learning of pathology whole-slide images (WSIs) has primarily relied on weak supervision with Multiple Instance Learning (MIL). This approach leads to slide representations highly tailored to a specific clinical task.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Tim Lenz , Peter Neidlinger , Marta Ligero , Georg Wölflein , Marko van Treeck , Jakob Nikolas Kather