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Mixed-precision quantization works Neural Networks (NNs) are gaining traction for their efficient realization on the hardware leading to higher throughput and lower energy. In-Memory Computing (IMC) accelerator architectures are offered as…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Mariam Rakka , Rachid Karami , Ahmed M. Eltawil , Mohammed E. Fouda , Fadi Kurdahi

Conventional hardware-friendly quantization methods, such as fixed-point or integer, tend to perform poorly at very low word sizes as their shrinking dynamic ranges cannot adequately capture the wide data distributions commonly seen in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Thierry Tambe , En-Yu Yang , Zishen Wan , Yuntian Deng , Vijay Janapa Reddi , Alexander Rush , David Brooks , Gu-Yeon Wei

The rapid adoption of low-precision arithmetic in artificial intelligence and edge computing has created a strong demand for energy-efficient and flexible floating-point multiply-accumulate (MAC) units. This paper presents a dual-precision…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Shubham Kumar , Vijay Pratap Sharma , Vaibhav Neema , Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma

Quantization significantly accelerates inference in large language models (LLMs) by replacing original high-precision matrices with low-precision counterparts. Recent advances in weight-activation quantization have primarily focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Wenyuan Liu , Haoqian Meng , Yilun Luo , Yafei Zhao , Peng Zhang , Xindian Ma

Mixed-precision quantization is a popular approach for compressing deep neural networks (DNNs). However, it is challenging to scale the performance efficiently with mixed-precision DNNs given the current FPGA architecture and conventional…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Yuzong Chen , Jordan Dotzel , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) imposes substantial memory bandwidth demands, presenting significant challenges for efficient hardware acceleration. Near-memory Processing (NMP) has emerged as a promising architectural solution to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Shangyi Shi , Husheng Han , Jianan Mu , Xinyao Zheng , Ling Liang , Hang Lu , Zidong Du , Xiaowei Li , Xing Hu , Qi Guo

Modern AI hardware, such as Nvidia's Blackwell architecture, is increasingly embracing low-precision floating-point (FP) formats to handle the pervasive activation outliers in Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite this industry trend, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Mengzhao Chen , Meng Wu , Hui Jin , Zhihang Yuan , Jing Liu , Chaoyi Zhang , Yunshui Li , Jie Huang , Jin Ma , Zeyue Xue , Zhiheng Liu , Xingyan Bin , Ping Luo

Modern deep neural network (DNN) models generally require a huge amount of weight and activation values to achieve good inference outcomes. Those data inevitably demand a massive off-chip memory capacity/bandwidth, and the situation gets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Cheng-Wei Huang , Tim-Wei Chen , Juinn-Dar Huang

Post-training weight quantization is crucial for reducing the memory and inference cost of large language models (LLMs), yet pushing the average precision below 4 bits remains challenging due to highly non-uniform weight sensitivity and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Xinlin Li , Timothy Chou , Josh Fromm , Zichang Liu , Yunjie Pan , Christina Fragouli

Commercial FPGAs, such as AMD Versal devices, increasingly incorporate AI engines that exploit low-precision packed-SIMD fused multiply-accumulate (FMA) to achieve proportional throughput gains. However, trans-precision FMA (e.g.,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jiayi Wang , Maohua Nie , Sin-Chen Lin , C. -J. Richard Shi , Ang Li

Multiple-precision floating-point branch-free algorithms can significantly accelerate multi-component arithmetic implemented by combining hardware-based binary64 and binary32, particularly for triple- and quadruple-precision computations.…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Tomonori Kouya

The explosive growth of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GPT-4 with 1.8 trillion parameters, demands a fundamental rethinking of data center architecture to ensure scalability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Our work provides a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jesmin Jahan Tithi , Hanjiang Wu , Avishaii Abuhatzera , Fabrizio Petrini

Power consumption has become the major concern in neural network accelerators for edge devices. The novel non-volatile-memory (NVM) based computing-in-memory (CIM) architecture has shown great potential for better energy efficiency.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-22 Haobo Liu , Zhengyang Qian , Wei Wu , Hongwei Ren , Zhiwei Liu , Leibin Ni

Ternary weight quantization (e.g., BitNet b1.58) offers a promising path to mitigate the memory bandwidth bottleneck in Large Language Model (LLM) inference. However, conventional compute platforms lack native support for ternary-weight…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Robin Geens , Joran Heldens , Joren Dumoulin , Marian Verhelst

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly prominent for daily tasks, from improving sound-totext translation to generating additional frames for the latest video games. With the help of LLM inference frameworks, such as…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jude Haris , José Cano

Large language model (LLM) inference has been a prevalent demand in daily life and industries. The large tensor sizes and computing complexities in LLMs have brought challenges to memory, computing, and databus. This paper proposes a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yimin Wang , Yue Jiet Chong , Xuanyao Fong

We present an evaluation of 32-bit POSIT arithmetic through its implementation as accelerators on FPGAs and GPUs. POSIT, a floating-point number format, adaptively changes the size of its fractional part. We developed hardware designs for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Naohito Nakasato , Yuki Murakami , Fumiya Kono , Maho Nakata

The demise of Moore's Law has led to the rise of hardware acceleration. However, the focus on accelerating stable algorithms in their entirety neglects the abundant fine-grained acceleration opportunities available in broader domains and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Ang Li , August Ning , David Wentzlaff

Processing In Memory (PIM) accelerators are promising architecture that can provide massive parallelization and high efficiency in various applications. Such architectures can instantaneously provide ultra-fast operation over extensive…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Kazi Abu Zubair , Sumit Kumar Jha , David Mohaisen , Clayton Hughes , Amro Awad

The configurable building blocks of current FPGAs -- Logic blocks (LBs), Digital Signal Processing (DSP) slices, and Block RAMs (BRAMs) -- make them efficient hardware accelerators for the rapid-changing world of Deep Learning (DL).…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Aman Arora , Bagus Hanindhito , Lizy K. John