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Organic reaction, the foundation of modern chemical industry, is crucial for new material development and drug discovery. However, deciphering reaction mechanisms and modeling multi-molecular relationships remain formidable challenges due…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Lirong Wu , Junjie Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Xiaohong Ji , Rong Zhu , Xinyu Li , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Weinan E

Reaction prediction, a critical task in synthetic chemistry, is to predict the outcome of a reaction based on given reactants. Generative models like Transformer have typically been employed to predict the reaction product. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Taicheng Guo , Changsheng Ma , Xiuying Chen , Bozhao Nan , Kehan Guo , Shichao Pei , Nitesh V. Chawla , Olaf Wiest , Xiangliang Zhang

In recent years, self-supervised learning has emerged as a powerful tool to harness abundant unlabelled data for representation learning and has been broadly adopted in diverse areas. However, when applied to molecular representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Han Tang , Shikun Feng , Bicheng Lin , Yuyan Ni , JIngjing Liu , Wei-Ying Ma , Yanyan Lan

Reaction and retrosynthesis prediction are fundamental tasks in computational chemistry that have recently garnered attention from both the machine learning and drug discovery communities. Various deep learning approaches have been proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Ziqiao Meng , Peilin Zhao , Yang Yu , Irwin King

Prediction of complete step-by-step chemical reaction mechanisms (CRMs) remains a major challenge. Whereas the traditional approaches in CRM tasks rely on expert-driven experiments or costly quantum chemical computations, contemporary deep…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Manajit Das , Ajnabiul Hoque , Mayank Baranwal , Raghavan B. Sunoj

Molecular Relational Learning (MRL) is widely applied in natural sciences to predict relationships between molecular pairs by extracting structural features. The representational similarity between substructure pairs determines the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Peiliang Zhang , Jingling Yuan , Qing Xie , Yongjun Zhu , Lin Li

Organic reaction mechanisms are the stepwise elementary reactions by which reactants form intermediates and products, and are fundamental to understanding chemical reactivity and designing new molecules and reactions. Although large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ruiling Xu , Yifan Zhang , Qingyun Wang , Carl Edwards , Heng Ji

Developing accurate models for chemical reactors is often challenging due to the complexity of reaction kinetics and process dynamics. Traditional approaches require retraining models for each new system, limiting generalizability and…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zihao Wang , Zhe Wu

Chemical reaction mechanisms are the foundation of how chemists evaluate reactivity and feasibility, yet current Computer-Assisted Synthesis Planning (CASP) systems operate without this mechanistic reasoning. We introduce a computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Théo A. Neukomm , Zlatko Jončev , Philippe Schwaller

Chemical kinetic mechanisms can be represented by sets of elementary reactions that are easily translated into mathematical terms using physicochemical relationships. The schematic representation of reactions captures the interactions…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-02-12 Farshad Harirchi , Doohyun Kim , Omar A. Khalil , Sijia Liu , Paolo Elvati , Angela Violi , Alfred O. Hero

We investigate whether chemical processes can perform in-context learning (ICL), a mode of computation typically associated with transformer architectures. ICL allows a system to infer task-specific rules from a sequence of examples without…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-01-13 Carlos Floyd , Hector Manuel Lopez Rios , Aaron R. Dinner , Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan

Machine learning techniques applied to chemical reactions has a long history. The present contribution discusses applications ranging from small molecule reaction dynamics to platforms for reaction planning. ML-based techniques can be of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-01-12 M. Meuwly

In recent years, deep learning has made remarkable strides, surpassing human capabilities in tasks like strategy games, and it has found applications in complex domains, including protein folding. In the realm of quantum chemistry, machine…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-01-09 Rhyan Barrett , Julia Westermayr

Reliably predicting the products of chemical reactions presents a fundamental challenge in synthetic chemistry. Existing machine learning approaches typically produce a reaction product by sequentially forming its subparts or intermediate…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Hangrui Bi , Hengyi Wang , Chence Shi , Connor Coley , Jian Tang , Hongyu Guo

We introduce a mathematical framework for retrosynthetic analysis, an important research method in synthetic chemistry. Our approach represents molecules and their interaction using string diagrams in layered props - a recently introduced…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Ella Gale , Leo Lobski , Fabio Zanasi

Retrosynthesis is the process of determining the set of reactant molecules that can react to form a desired product. Semi-template-based retrosynthesis methods, which imitate the reverse logic of synthesis reactions, first predict the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Frazier N. Baker , Ziqi Chen , Daniel Adu-Ampratwum , Xia Ning

Retrosynthesis is one of the fundamental problems in organic chemistry. The task is to identify reactants that can be used to synthesize a specified product molecule. Recently, computer-aided retrosynthesis is finding renewed interest from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Hanjun Dai , Chengtao Li , Connor W. Coley , Bo Dai , Le Song

Chemical reaction practicality is the core task among all symbol intelligence based chemical information processing, for example, it provides indispensable clue for further automatic synthesis route inference. Considering that chemical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Shu Jiang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao , Jiangtong Li , Yang Yang , Bao-Liang Lu , Ning Xia

Transformer-based deep neural networks have revolutionized the field of molecular-related prediction tasks by treating molecules as symbolic sequences. These models have been successfully applied in various organic chemical applications by…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-11-14 Tatsuya Sagawa , Ryosuke Kojima

Recent AI research plots a promising future of automatic chemical reactions within the chemistry society. This study proposes Chemist-X, a comprehensive AI agent that automates the reaction condition optimization (RCO) task in chemical…