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This book presents a comprehensive and systematic survey of graph theory under uncertainty, with particular emphasis on the unifying role of the uncertain graph framework. It reviews fundamental concepts, structural properties, graph…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Takaaki Fujita , Florentin Smarandache

The involvement of uncertainty of varying degrees when the total of the membership degree exceeds one or less than one, then the newer mathematical paradigm shift, Fuzzy Theory proves appropriate. For the past two or more decades, Fuzzy…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy , Florentin Smarandache

Real-world phenomena often exhibit vagueness, partial truth, and incomplete information. To model such uncertainty in a mathematically rigorous way, many generalized set-theoretic frameworks have been introduced, including Fuzzy Sets [1],…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Takaaki Fujita , Florentin Smarandache

Neutrosophic theory and applications have been expanding in all directions at an astonishing rate especially after the introduction the journal entitled Neutrosophic Sets and Systems. New theories, techniques, algorithms have been rapidly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-28 Florentin Smarandache , Surapati Pramanik

Rough set theory models uncertainty by approximating target concepts through lower and upper sets induced by indiscernibility, or more generally, by granulation relations in data tables. This perspective captures vagueness caused by limited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Takaaki Fujita , Florentin Smarandache

Set visualization facilitates the exploration and analysis of set-type data. However, how sets should be visualized when the data is uncertain is still an open research challenge. To address the problem of depicting uncertainty in set…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Christian Tominski , Michael Behrisch , Susanne Bleisch , Sara Irina Fabrikant , Eva Mayr , Silvia Miksch , Helen Purchase

Soft set theory provides a direct framework for parameterized decision modeling by assigning to each attribute (parameter) a subset of a given universe, thereby representing uncertainty in a structured way [1, 2]. Over the past decades, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Takaaki Fujita , Florentin Smarandache

In robust optimization, the uncertainty set is used to model all possible outcomes of uncertain parameters. In the classic setting, one assumes that this set is provided by the decision maker based on the data available to her. Only…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-01-23 Trivikram Dokka , Marc Goerigk , Rahul Roy

Neutrosophic Analysis is a generalization of Set Analysis, which in its turn is a generalization of Interval Analysis. Neutrosophic Precalculus is referred to indeterminate staticity, while Neutrosophic Calculus is the mathematics of…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2015-09-28 Florentin Smarandache

This book presents the advancements and applications of neutrosophics. Chapter 1 first introduces the interval neutrosophic sets which is an instance of neutrosophic sets. In this chapter, the definition of interval neutrosophic sets and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Haibin Wang , Florentin Smarandache , Yan-Qing Zhang , Rajshekhar Sunderraman

\emph{Uncertain Graph} (also known as \emph{Probabilistic Graph}) is a generic model to represent many real\mbox{-}world networks from social to biological. In recent times analysis and mining of uncertain graphs have drawn significant…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Suman Banerjee

Although there are many mathematical theories to address uncertain phenomena however, these theories are presented under implicit presupposition that uncertainty of objects is accurately measurable while not considering that the measure of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-02 Xingguang Chen

The mathematical representation of uncertainty has led to a proliferation of preference structures, such as interval-valued fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and various granular models. While these extensions are often studied…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-04-16 Juan Martínez-Moreno , Diego García-Zamora

Generally any real-world problem is not always solvable, because in that not only a percentage of uncertainty is present, but also, a certain percentage of indeterminacy is present. The presence of uncertainty has been analyzed using fuzzy…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy , Florentin Smarandache , K. Ilanthenral

Maji et al. introduced in 2002 a method of parametric decision making using soft sets as tools and representing their tabular form as a binary matrix. In cases, however, where some or all of the parameters used for the characterization of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Michael Gr. Voskoglou

Soft set theory and rough set theory are mathematical tools to deal with uncertainties. In [3], authors combined these concepts and introduced soft rough sets. In this paper, we introduce the concepts of soft rough graphs, vertex and edge…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2017-07-20 R. Noor , I. Irshad , I. Javaid

Recent research on graph neural networks (GNNs) has explored mechanisms for capturing local uncertainty and exploiting graph hierarchies to mitigate data sparsity and leverage structural properties. However, the synergistic integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yoonhyuk Choi , Jiho Choi , Taewook Ko , Chong-Kwon Kim

Graphical models have demonstrated their exceptional capabilities across numerous applications. However, their performance, confidence, and trustworthiness are often limited by the inherent randomness in data generation and the lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Chao Chen , Chenghua Guo , Rui Xu , Jiujiu Chen , Xiangwen Liao , Xi Zhang , Sihong Xie , Hui Xiong , Philip Yu

Uncertain graphs are prevalent in several applications including communications systems, biological databases and social networks. The ever increasing size of the underlying data renders both graph storage and query processing extremely…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-05-25 Panos Parchas , Nikolaos Papailiou , Dimitris Papadias , Francesco Bonchi

The notion of rough set captures indiscernibility of elements in a set. But, in many real life situations, an information system establishes the relation between different universes. This gave the extension of rough set on single universal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-30 B. K. Tripathy , D. P. Acharjya
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