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Smart contracts have been increasingly used together with blockchains to automate financial and business transactions. However, many bugs and vulnerabilities have been identified in many contracts which raises serious concerns about smart…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Zhipeng Gao , Lingxiao Jiang , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy

With the rise in using immature smart contract programming languages to build a decentralized application, more vulnerabilities have been introduced to the Blockchain and were the main reasons behind critical financial losses. Moreover, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Oualid Zaazaa , Hanan El Bakkali

Blockchain systems have gained substantial traction recently, partly due to the potential of decentralized immutable mediation of economic activities. Ethereum is a prominent example that has the provision for executing stateful computing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Ashish Rajendra Sai , Conor Holmes , Jim Buckley , Andrew Le Gear

As a blockchain platform that has developed vigorously in recent years, Ethereum is different from Bitcoin in that it introduces smart contracts into blockchain.Solidity is one of the most mature and widely used smart contract programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Pengcheng Zhang , Feng Xiao , Xiapu Luo

The emerging blockchain technology supports decentralized computing paradigm shift and is a rapidly approaching phenomenon. While blockchain is thought primarily as the basis of Bitcoin, its application has grown far beyond cryptocurrencies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Reza M. Parizi , Ali Dehghantanha , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo , Amritraj Singh

An important problem in smart contract security is understanding the likelihood and criticality of discovered, or potential, weaknesses in contracts. In this paper we provide a summary of Ethereum smart contract audits performed for 23…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Alex Groce , Josselin Feist , Gustavo Grieco , Michael Colburn

Many Ethereum smart contracts rely on block attributes such as block.timestamp or blockhash to generate random numbers for applications like lotteries and games. However, these values are predictable and miner-manipulable, creating the Bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hadis Rezaei , Rahim Taheri , Francesco Palmieri

Ethereum smart contracts, which are autonomous decentralized applications on the blockchain that manage assets often exceeding millions of dollars, have become primary targets for cyberattacks. In 2023 alone, such vulnerabilities led to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Christoph Sendner , Lukas Petzi , Jasper Stang , Alexandra Dmitrienko

With the development of blockchain technology, smart contracts have become an important component of blockchain applications. Despite their crucial role, the development of smart contracts may introduce vulnerabilities and potentially lead…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Chong Chen , Jianzhong Su , Jiachi Chen , Yanlin Wang , Tingting Bi , Jianxing Yu , Yanli Wang , Xingwei Lin , Ting Chen , Zibin Zheng

This paper introduces a method for detecting vulnerabilities in smart contracts using static analysis and a multi-objective optimization algorithm. We focus on four types of vulnerabilities: reentrancy, call stack overflow, integer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Dongcheng Li , W. Eric Wong , Xiaodan Wang , Sean Pan , Liang-Seng Koh

Smart contracts play a central role in blockchain systems by encoding financial and operational logic. Still, their susceptibility to subtle security flaws poses significant risks of financial loss and erosion of trust. LLMs create new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Eduardo Sardenberg , Antonio José Grandson Busson , Daniel de Sousa Moraes , Julio Cesar Duarte , Sérgio Colcher

With the rapid advancement of blockchain technology, smart contracts have enabled the implementation of increasingly complex functionalities. However, ensuring the security of smart contracts remains a persistent challenge across the stages…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Yuchen Ding , Hongli Peng , Xiaoqi Li

Smart contracts are distributed, self-enforcing programs executing on top of blockchain networks. They have the potential to revolutionize many industries such as financial institutes and supply chains. However, smart contracts are subject…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Tai D. Nguyen , Long H. Pham , Jun Sun

Context: Smart contracts are computer programs that are automatically executed on the blockchain. Vulnerabilities in their implementation have led to severe loss of cryptocurrency. Smart contracts become immutable when deployed to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Majd Soud , Grischa Liebel , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Smart contracts written in Solidity are programs used in blockchain networks, such as Etherium, for performing transactions. However, as with any piece of software, they are prone to errors and may present vulnerabilities, which malicious…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Kunjian Song , Nedas Matulevicius , Eddie B. de Lima Filho , Lucas C. Cordeiro

As blockchain technology and smart contracts become widely adopted, securing them throughout every stage of the transaction process is essential. The concern of improved security for smart contracts is to find and detect vulnerabilities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 S M Mostaq Hossain , Amani Altarawneh , Jesse Roberts

Smart contracts, integral to blockchain ecosystems, enable decentralized applications to execute predefined operations without intermediaries. Their ability to enforce trustless interactions has made them a core component of platforms such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mesut Ozdag

Smart contract vulnerabilities caused significant economic losses in blockchain applications. Large Language Models (LLMs) provide new possibilities for addressing this time-consuming task. However, state-of-the-art LLM-based detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 ZeKe Xiao , Qin Wang , Hammond Pearce , Shiping Chen

Smart contracts (SC) are software codes which reside and run over a blockchain. The code can be written in different languages with the common purpose of implementing various kinds of transactions onto the hosting blockchain, They are ruled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Roberto Tonelli , Giuseppe Destefanis , Michele Marchesi , Marco Ortu

In the growing field of blockchain technology, smart contracts exist as transformative digital agreements that execute transactions autonomously in decentralised networks. However, these contracts face challenges in the form of security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Christopher De Baets , Basem Suleiman , Armin Chitizadeh , Imran Razzak