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In domains like medicine and finance, large-scale labeled data is costly and often unavailable, leading to models trained on small datasets that struggle to generalize to real-world populations. Large language models contain extensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Sara Rezaeimanesh , Mohammad M. Ghassemi

Providing Language Models (LMs) with relevant evidence in the context (either via retrieval or user-provided) can significantly improve their ability to provide better-grounded responses. However, recent studies have found that LMs often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhining Liu , Rana Ali Amjad , Ravinarayana Adkathimar , Tianxin Wei , Hanghang Tong

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world settings, understanding the knowledge they implicitly use when making decisions is critical. One way to capture this knowledge is in the form of Bayesian prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Jian-Qiao Zhu , Thomas L. Griffiths

The remarkable success of pretrained language models has motivated the study of what kinds of knowledge these models learn during pretraining. Reformulating tasks as fill-in-the-blanks problems (e.g., cloze tests) is a natural approach for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Taylor Shin , Yasaman Razeghi , Robert L. Logan , Eric Wallace , Sameer Singh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often used as automated judges to evaluate text, but their effectiveness can be hindered by various unintentional biases. We propose using linear classifying probes, trained by leveraging differences between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Sharan Maiya , Yinhong Liu , Ramit Debnath , Anna Korhonen

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) is now a common approach for text classification in a wide range of applications. When labeled documents are scarce, active learning helps save annotation efforts but requires retraining of massive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Artem Vysogorets , Achintya Gopal

The specification of prior distributions is fundamental in Bayesian inference, yet it remains a significant bottleneck. The prior elicitation process is often a manual, subjective, and unscalable task. We propose a novel framework which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Yongchao Huang

We study secret elicitation: discovering knowledge that an AI possesses but does not explicitly verbalize. As a testbed, we train three families of large language models (LLMs) to possess specific knowledge that they apply downstream but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Bartosz Cywiński , Emil Ryd , Rowan Wang , Senthooran Rajamanoharan , Neel Nanda , Arthur Conmy , Samuel Marks

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in clinical applications through prompt engineering, allowing flexible clinical predictions. However, they struggle to produce reliable prediction probabilities, which are crucial for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Bowen Gu , Rishi J. Desai , Kueiyu Joshua Lin , Jie Yang

A significant barrier to the widespread adoption of Bayesian inference is the specification of prior distributions and likelihoods, which often requires specialized statistical expertise. This paper investigates the feasibility of using a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yongchao Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as alternatives to human experts for estimating unknown quantities with associated uncertainty, a process known as Bayesian elicitation. We test this by asking eleven LLMs to estimate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Luka Hobor , Mario Brcic , Mihael Kovac , Kristijan Poje

The use of large pretrained neural networks to create contextualized word embeddings has drastically improved performance on several natural language processing (NLP) tasks. These computationally expensive models have begun to be applied to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Benjamin Clavié , Kobi Gal

Large language models (LLMs) sometimes fail to respond appropriately to deterministic tasks -- such as counting or forming acronyms -- because the implicit prior distribution they have learned over sequences of tokens influences their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Liyi Zhang , Veniamin Veselovsky , R. Thomas McCoy , Thomas L. Griffiths

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in handling complex dialogue tasks without requiring use case-specific fine-tuning. However, analyzing live dialogues in real-time necessitates low-latency processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Xuanqing Liu , Luyang Kong , Wei Niu , Afshin Khashei , Belinda Zeng , Steve Johnson , Jon Jay , Davor Golac , Matt Pope

In sequential decision-making (SDM) tasks, methods like reinforcement learning (RL) and heuristic search have made notable advances in specific cases. However, they often require extensive exploration and face challenges in generalizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Xue Yan , Yan Song , Xidong Feng , Mengyue Yang , Haifeng Zhang , Haitham Bou Ammar , Jun Wang

Imagine a world where clinical trials need far fewer patients to achieve the same statistical power, thanks to the knowledge encoded in large language models (LLMs). We present a novel framework for hierarchical Bayesian modeling of adverse…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-21 Shota Arai , David Selby , Andrew Vargo , Sebastian Vollmer

Many efforts have been made to facilitate natural language processing tasks with pre-trained language models (LMs), and brought significant improvements to various applications. To fully leverage the nearly unlimited corpora and capture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Liyuan Liu , Xiang Ren , Jingbo Shang , Jian Peng , Jiawei Han

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance by following natural language instructions without fine-tuning them on domain-specific tasks and data. However, leveraging LLMs for domain-specific question answering…

Large Language Model (LLM) pre-training exhausts an ever growing compute budget, yet recent research has demonstrated that careful document selection enables comparable model quality with only a fraction of the FLOPs. Inspired by efforts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Xiang Kong , Tom Gunter , Ruoming Pang

This study presents OpenExtract, an open-source pipeline for automated data extraction in large-scale systematic literature reviews. The pipeline queries large language models (LLMs) to predict data entries based on relevant sections of…

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