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A toy model of binary classification is studied with the aim of clarifying the class-wise resampling/reweighting effect on the feature learning performance under the presence of class imbalance. In the analysis, a high-dimensional limit of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-23 Tomoyuki Obuchi , Toshiyuki Tanaka

Loss reweighting is a widely used strategy for long-tailed classification, but existing reweighting strategies often rely on heuristics and rarely define a well-specified target. Inspired by Neural Collapse (NC), the ideal simplex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jinping Wang , Zixin Tong , Zhiwu Xie , Zhiqiang Gao

Deep neural networks (DNNs) exhibit a surprising structure in their final layer known as neural collapse (NC), and a growing body of works has currently investigated the propagation of neural collapse to earlier layers of DNNs -- a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Peter Súkeník , Marco Mondelli , Christoph Lampert

This paper presents a neural network filter method based on contraction operators to address model collapse in recursive training of generative models. Unlike \cite{xu2024probabilistic}, which requires superlinear sample growth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zongjian Han , Yiran Liang , Ruiwen Wang , Yiwei Luo , Yilin Huang , Xiaotong Song , Dongqing Wei

Neural collapse (NC) and its multi-layer variant, deep neural collapse (DNC), describe a structured geometry that occurs in the features and weights of trained deep networks. Recent theoretical work by Sukenik et al. using a deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Connall Garrod , Jonathan P. Keating

Neural collapse (NC) -- the convergence of penultimate-layer features to a simplex equiangular tight frame -- is well understood at equilibrium, but the dynamics governing its onset remain poorly characterised. We identify a simple and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Anamika Paul Rupa

Although overparameterized models have achieved remarkable practical success, their theoretical properties, particularly their generalization behavior, remain incompletely understood. The well known double descents phenomenon suggests that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-06 Haoran Zhan , Yingcun Xia

Classical wisdom in machine learning holds that the generalization error can be decomposed into bias and variance, and these two terms exhibit a \emph{trade-off}. However, in this paper, we show that for an ensemble of deep learning based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Lin Chen , Michal Lukasik , Wittawat Jitkrittum , Chong You , Sanjiv Kumar

We introduce a unified framework based on bi-level optimization schemes to deal with parameter learning in the context of image processing. The goal is to identify the optimal regularizer within a family depending on a parameter in a…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-09-15 Elisa Davoli , Rita Ferreira , Carolin Kreisbeck , Hidde Schönberger

With the ever-increasing complexity of large-scale pre-trained models coupled with a shortage of labeled data for downstream training, transfer learning has become the primary approach in many fields, including natural language processing,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Xiao Li , Sheng Liu , Jinxin Zhou , Xinyu Lu , Carlos Fernandez-Granda , Zhihui Zhu , Qing Qu

Due to the inherent imbalance in real-world datasets, na\"ive Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) tends to bias the learning process towards the majority classes, hindering generalization to minority classes. To rebalance the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Zitai Wang , Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Zhikang Xu , Linchao Zhang , Xiaochun Cao , Qingming Huang

Real-world datasets are often highly class-imbalanced, which can adversely impact the performance of deep learning models. The majority of research on training neural networks under class imbalance has focused on specialized loss functions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Ravid Shwartz-Ziv , Micah Goldblum , Yucen Lily Li , C. Bayan Bruss , Andrew Gordon Wilson

This manuscript studies statistical properties of linear classifiers obtained through minimization of an unregularized convex risk over a finite sample. Although the results are explicitly finite-dimensional, inputs may be passed through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-06-15 Matus Telgarsky

Neural collapse, i.e., the emergence of highly symmetric, class-wise clustered representations, is frequently observed in deep networks and is often assumed to reflect or enable generalization. In parallel, flatness of the loss landscape…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Ting Han , Linara Adilova , Henning Petzka , Jens Kleesiek , Michael Kamp

Model collapse occurs when generative models degrade after repeatedly training on their own synthetic outputs. We study this effect in overparameterized linear regression in a setting where each iteration mixes fresh real labels with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-13 Anvit Garg , Sohom Bhattacharya , Pragya Sur

This paper introduces a new technique to measure the feature dependency of neural network models. The motivation is to better understand a model by querying whether it is using information from human-understandable features, e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yinzhu Jin , Matthew B. Dwyer , P. Thomas Fletcher

With the expansion of data availability, machine learning (ML) has achieved remarkable breakthroughs in both academia and industry. However, imbalanced data distributions are prevalent in various types of raw data and severely hinder the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Xinyi Gao , Dongting Xie , Yihang Zhang , Zhengren Wang , Chong Chen , Conghui He , Hongzhi Yin , Wentao Zhang

There are many real-world classification problems wherein the issue of data imbalance (the case when a data set contains substantially more samples for one/many classes than the rest) is unavoidable. While under-sampling the problematic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-09 John McKay , Isaac Gerg , Vishal Monga

Recognizing symmetries in data allows for significant boosts in neural network training, which is especially important where training data are limited. In many cases, however, the exact underlying symmetry is present only in an idealized…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-04-07 Seth Nabat , Aishik Ghosh , Edmund Witkowski , Gregor Kasieczka , Daniel Whiteson

Recent work has observed an intriguing ''Neural Collapse'' phenomenon in well-trained neural networks, where the last-layer representations of training samples with the same label collapse into each other. This appears to suggest that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Yongyi Yang , Jacob Steinhardt , Wei Hu