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The biological functions of proteins often depend on dynamic structural ensembles. In this work, we develop a flow-based generative modeling approach for learning and sampling the conformational landscapes of proteins. We repurpose highly…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-09-04 Bowen Jing , Bonnie Berger , Tommi Jaakkola

Proteins are essential for almost all biological processes and derive their diverse functions from complex 3D structures, which are in turn determined by their amino acid sequences. In this paper, we exploit the rich biological inductive…

The computational design of novel protein structures has the potential to impact numerous scientific disciplines greatly. Toward this goal, we introduce FoldFlow, a series of novel generative models of increasing modeling power based on the…

Structure-based drug design (SBDD), aiming to generate 3D molecules with high binding affinity toward target proteins, is a vital approach in novel drug discovery. Although recent generative models have shown great potential, they suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jingyuan Zhou , Hao Qian , Shikui Tu , Lei Xu

We present FrameFlow, a method for fast protein backbone generation using SE(3) flow matching. Specifically, we adapt FrameDiff, a state-of-the-art diffusion model, to the flow-matching generative modeling paradigm. We show how flow…

Investigating conformational landscapes of proteins is a crucial way to understand their biological functions and properties. AlphaFlow stands out as a sequence-conditioned generative model that introduces flexibility into structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Shaoning Li , Mingyu Li , Yusong Wang , Xinheng He , Nanning Zheng , Jian Zhang , Pheng-Ann Heng

Protein structure prediction and folding are fundamental to understanding biology, with recent deep learning advances reshaping the field. Diffusion-based generative models have revolutionized protein design, enabling the creation of novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yogesh Verma , Markus Heinonen , Vikas Garg

Molecular structure generation is a fundamental problem that involves determining the 3D positions of molecules' constituents. It has crucial biological applications, such as molecular docking, protein folding, and molecular design. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Wenyin Zhou , Christopher Iliffe Sprague , Vsevolod Viliuga , Matteo Tadiello , Arne Elofsson , Hossein Azizpour

Protein design often begins with the knowledge of a desired function from a motif which motif-scaffolding aims to construct a functional protein around. Recently, generative models have achieved breakthrough success in designing scaffolds…

Protein sequence generation for engineering requires samples that are biophysically plausible and, when targeting a family/domain, remain recognizable members while exploring within-family diversity. Current discrete generative models…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Langzhang Liang , Ming Yang , Yi Feng , Junfan Li , Shirui Pan , Yinghui Xu , Tianlei Ying , Yizhen Zheng , Zenglin Xu

Deep generative models have recently been proposed for sampling protein conformations from the Boltzmann distribution, as an alternative to often prohibitively expensive Molecular Dynamics simulations. However, current state-of-the-art…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-13 Nicolas Wolf , Leif Seute , Vsevolod Viliuga , Simon Wagner , Jan Stühmer , Frauke Gräter

The design of protein sequences with desired functionalities is a fundamental task in protein engineering. Deep generative methods, such as autoregressive models and diffusion models, have greatly accelerated the discovery of novel protein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Zitai Kong , Yiheng Zhu , Yinlong Xu , Hanjing Zhou , Mingzhe Yin , Jialu Wu , Hongxia Xu , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Tingjun Hou , Jian Wu

Sampling useful three-dimensional molecular structures along with their most favorable conformations is a key challenge in drug discovery. Current state-of-the-art 3D de-novo design flow matching or diffusion-based models are limited to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Riccardo Tedoldi , Ola Engkvist , Patrick Bryant , Hossein Azizpour , Jon Paul Janet , Alessandro Tibo

The conformational landscape of proteins is crucial to understanding their functionality in complex biological processes. Traditional physics-based computational methods, such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, suffer from rare event…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-09-25 Yan Wang , Lihao Wang , Yuning Shen , Yiqun Wang , Huizhuo Yuan , Yue Wu , Quanquan Gu

SE(3)-based generative models have shown great promise in protein geometry modeling and effective structure design. However, the field currently lacks a modularized benchmark to enable comprehensive investigation and fair comparison of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Lang Yu , Zhangyang Gao , Cheng Tan , Qin Chen , Jie Zhou , Liang He

Designing ligand-binding proteins, such as enzymes and biosensors, is essential in bioengineering and protein biology. One critical step in this process involves designing protein pockets, the protein interface binding with the ligand.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-01 Zaixi Zhang , Marinka Zitnik , Qi Liu

Diffusion and flow matching approaches to generative modeling have shown promise in domains where the state space is continuous, such as image generation or protein folding & design, and discrete, exemplified by diffusion large language…

Protein structure prediction is pivotal for understanding the structure-function relationship of proteins, advancing biological research, and facilitating pharmaceutical development and experimental design. While deep learning methods and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Kaihui Cheng , Ce Liu , Qingkun Su , Jun Wang , Liwei Zhang , Yining Tang , Yao Yao , Siyu Zhu , Yuan Qi

Generative modeling techniques such as Diffusion and Flow Matching have achieved significant successes in generating designable and diverse protein backbones. However, many current models are computationally expensive, requiring hundreds or…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-30 Junhua Chen , Simon Mathis , Charles Harris , Kieran Didi , Pietro Lio

Over the past decade, advances in generative modeling, such as generative adversarial networks, masked autoencoders, and diffusion models, have significantly transformed biological research and discovery, enabling breakthroughs in molecule…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zihao Li , Zhichen Zeng , Xiao Lin , Feihao Fang , Yanru Qu , Zhe Xu , Zhining Liu , Xuying Ning , Tianxin Wei , Ge Liu , Hanghang Tong , Jingrui He
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