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Scaling laws for Large Language Models (LLMs) establish that model quality improves with computational scale, yet edge deployment imposes strict constraints on compute, memory, and power. Since General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) accounts…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 M. Grailoo , J. Núñez-Yáñez

Aligning future system design with the ever-increasing compute needs of large language models (LLMs) is undoubtedly an important problem in today's world. Here, we propose a general performance modeling methodology and workload analysis of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Joyjit Kundu , Wenzhe Guo , Ali BanaGozar , Udari De Alwis , Sourav Sengupta , Puneet Gupta , Arindam Mallik

The rapid adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) has made GPU inference efficiency an increasingly critical system concern. The runtime of LLM workloads is largely dominated by tile-based kernels, particularly General Matrix…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Kaixuan Zhang , Chutong Ding , Shiyou Qian , Luping Wang , Jian Cao , Guangtao Xue , Cheng Huang , Guodong Yang , Liping Zhang

Training LLMs in distributed environments presents significant challenges due to the complexity of model execution, deployment systems, and the vast space of configurable strategies. Although various optimization techniques exist, achieving…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Mingyu Liang , Hiwot Tadese Kassa , Wenyin Fu , Brian Coutinho , Louis Feng , Christina Delimitrou

We devise a performance model for GPU training of Deep Learning Recommendation Models (DLRM), whose GPU utilization is low compared to other well-optimized CV and NLP models. We show that both the device active time (the sum of kernel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Zhongyi Lin , Louis Feng , Ehsan K. Ardestani , Jaewon Lee , John Lundell , Changkyu Kim , Arun Kejariwal , John D. Owens

General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is a ubiquitous compute kernel in deep learning (DL). To support energy-efficient edge-native processing, new GEMM hardware units have been proposed that operate on unary encoded bitstreams using much…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Prabhu Vellaisamy , Harideep Nair , Joseph Finn , Manav Trivedi , Albert Chen , Anna Li , Tsung-Han Lin , Perry Wang , Shawn Blanton , John Paul Shen

A physically-motivated genetic algorithm (GA) and full enumeration for a tile-based model of self-assembly (JaTAM) is implemented using a graphics processing unit (GPU). We observe performance gains with respect to state-of-the-art…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Christian Schroeder de Witt

Matrix multiplication is fundamental in the backpropagation algorithm used to train deep neural network models. Libraries like Intel's MKL or NVIDIA's cuBLAS implemented new and optimized matrix multiplication techniques that increase…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-28 L. A. Torres , Carlos J. Barrios H , Yves Denneulin

Deep Learning (DL) has developed to become a corner-stone in many everyday applications that we are now relying on. However, making sure that the DL model uses the underlying hardware efficiently takes a lot of effort. Knowledge about…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Karthick Panner Selvam , Mats Brorsson

Large Language Models (LLMs) demand substantial computational resources, resulting in high energy consumption on GPUs. To address this challenge, we focus on Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Arrays (CGRAs) as an effective alternative that…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Takuto Ando , Yu Eto , Ayumu Takeuchi , Yasuhiko Nakashima

We present an analysis on optimizing performance of a single C++11 source code using the Alpaka hardware abstraction library. For this we use the general matrix multiplication (GEMM) algorithm in order to show that compilers can optimize…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Alexander Matthes , René Widera , Erik Zenker , Benjamin Worpitz , Axel Huebl , Michael Bussmann

We present PM2Lat, a fast and generalized framework for accurately predicting the latency of deep neural network models on GPUs, with special focus on NVIDIA. Unlike prior methods that rely on deep learning models or handcrafted heuristics,…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Truong-Thanh Le , Hoang-Loc La , Amir Taherkordi , Frank Eliassen , Phuong Hoai Ha and , Peiyuan Guan

Large language models (LLMs) show promise for automated code optimization. However, without performance context, they struggle to produce correct and effective code transformations. Existing performance tools can identify bottlenecks but…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Mohammad Zaeed , Tanzima Z. Islam , Vladimir Indic

One of the most important and commonly used operations in many linear algebra functions is matrix-matrix multiplication (GEMM), which is also a key component in obtaining high performance of many scientific codes. It is a computationally…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Nenad Mijić , Davor Davidović

Deep learning demonstrates effectiveness across a wide range of tasks. However, the dense and over-parameterized nature of these models results in significant resource consumption during deployment. In response to this issue, weight…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Cong Ma , Du Wu , Zhelang Deng , Jiang Chen , Xiaowen Huang , Jintao Meng , Wenxi Zhu , Bingqiang Wang , Amelie Chi Zhou , Peng Chen , Minwen Deng , Yanjie Wei , Shengzhong Feng , Yi Pan

General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is the cornerstone of HPC workloads and Deep Learning. State-of-the-art vendor libraries tune tensor layouts, parallelization schemes, and cache blocking to minimize data movement across the memory…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Evangelos Georganas , Alexander Heinecke , Pradeep Dubey

Asymmetric multicore processors (AMPs) have recently emerged as an appealing technology for severely energy-constrained environments, especially in mobile appliances where heterogeneity in applications is mainstream. In addition, given the…

Many scientific computing problems can be reduced to Matrix-Matrix Multiplications (MMM), making the General Matrix Multiply (GEMM) kernels in the Basic Linear Algebra Subroutine (BLAS) of interest to the high-performance computing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Louis Ledoux , Marc Casas

Among ML operators today, GEneralMatrix Multiplication (GEMM)-based operators are known to be key operators that build the main backbone of ML models. As their computational overhead dominates the overall execution time (e.g., 42.8% - 96.6%…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Rachid Karami , Sheng-Chun Kao , Hyoukjun Kwon

In atomistic spin dynamics simulations, the time cost of constructing the space- and time-displaced pair correlation function in real space increases quadratically as the number of spins $N$, leading to significant computational effort. The…

Computational Physics · Physics 2023-08-16 Hongwei Chen , Shiyang Chen , Joshua J. Turner , Adrian Feiguin