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Scientists need to compare the support for models based on observed phenomena. The main goal of the evidential paradigm is to quantify the strength of evidence in the data for a reference model relative to an alternative model. This is done…

In this article we provide a rebuttal against the possible perception that a single number, such as the Likelihood Ratio, can provide an objective, authoritative or definitive weight of evidence. We also illustrate the extent to which…

Applications · Statistics 2016-09-21 Steven P. Lund , Hari Iyer

This introduction to Bayesian statistics presents the main concepts as well as the principal reasons advocated in favour of a Bayesian modelling. We cover the various approaches to prior determination as well as the basis asymptotic…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-02-09 Christian P. Robert , Judith Rousseau

This paper serves as a literature review of methodology concerning the (modern) causal inference methods to address the causal estimand with observational/survey data that have been or will be used in social science research. Mainly, this…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-08-02 Guanghui Pan

In this paper we describe a novel method for evidential reasoning [1]. It involves modelling the process of evidential reasoning in three steps, namely, evidence structure construction, evidence accumulation, and decision making. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-25 Zhi An , David A. Bell , John G. Hughes

This paper presents an argument for why we are not measuring trust sufficiently in explainability, interpretability, and transparency research. Most studies ask participants to complete a trust scale to rate their trust of a model that has…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Tim Miller

What are the criteria that a measure of statistical evidence should satisfy? It is argued that a measure of evidence should be consistent. Consistency is an asymptotic criterion: the probability that if a measure of evidence in data…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-11-22 M. Grendar

Reliability is an essential measure of how closely observed scores represent latent scores (reflecting constructs), assuming some latent variable measurement model. We present a general theoretical framework of reliability, placing emphasis…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-29 Yang Liu , Jolynn Pek , Alberto Maydeu-Olivares

This chapter presents an introduction to robust statistics with applications of a chemometric nature. Following a description of the basic ideas and concepts behind robust statistics, including how robust estimators can be conceived, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-07-01 Peter Filzmoser , Sven Serneels , Ricardo Maronna , Christophe Croux

Evidential reasoning is cast as the problem of simplifying the evidence-hypothesis relation and constructing combination formulas that possess certain testable properties. Important classes of evidence as identifiers, annihilators, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-11 Yizong Cheng , Rangasami L. Kashyap

Proper scoring rules are methods for encouraging honest assessment of probability distributions. Just like likelihood, a proper scoring rule can be applied to supply an unbiased estimating equation for any statistical model, and the theory…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-28 Philip Dawid , Monica Musio , Laura Ventura

This paper develops a Bayesian approach for assessing equivalence and non-inferiority hypotheses in two-arm trials using relative belief ratios. A relative belief ratio is a measure of statistical evidence and can indicate evidence either…

Applications · Statistics 2014-01-20 Saman Muthukumarana , Michael Evans

Introductory statistical inference texts and courses treat the point estimation, hypothesis testing, and interval estimation problems separately, with primary emphasis on large-sample approximations. Here I present an alternative approach…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2017-07-14 Ryan Martin

The abundance of data produced daily from large variety of sources has boosted the need of novel approaches on causal inference analysis from observational data. Observational data often contain noisy or missing entries. Moreover, causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-14 Fani Tsapeli , Peter Tino , Mirco Musolesi

In mathematics information is a number that measures uncertainty (entropy) based on a probabilistic distribution, often of an obscure origin. In real life language information is a datum, a statement, more precisely, a formula. But such a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Anatol Slissenko

Statistical estimation in many contemporary settings involves the acquisition, analysis, and aggregation of datasets from multiple sources, which can have significant differences in character and in value. Due to these variations, the…

Applications · Statistics 2014-12-23 Quentin Berthet , Venkat Chandrasekaran

Statistical analysis is an important tool to distinguish systematic from chance findings. Current statistical analyses rely on distributional assumptions reflecting the structure of some underlying model, which if not met lead to problems…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-11-15 Orestis Loukas , Ho Ryun Chung

Statistics is sometimes described as the science of reasoning under uncertainty. Statistical models provide one view of this uncertainty, but what is frequently neglected is the 'invisible' portion of uncertainty: that assumed not to exist…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-18 Oliver L. Pescott , Robin J. Boyd , Gary D. Powney , Gavin B. Stewart

The problem of statistical inference in its various forms has been the subject of decades-long extensive research. Most of the effort has been focused on characterizing the behavior as a function of the number of available samples, with far…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Tomer Berg , Or Ordentlich , Ofer Shayevitz

As the amount of linked data published on the web grows, attempts are being made to describe and measure it. However even basic statistics about a graph, such as its size, are difficult to express in a uniform and predictable way. In order…

Databases · Computer Science 2014-10-21 William Waites