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Large language models (LLMs) are often sycophantic, prioritizing agreement with their users over accurate or objective statements. This problematic behavior becomes more pronounced during reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF),…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Henry Papadatos , Rachel Freedman

Personalizing large language models (LLMs) to accommodate diverse user preferences is essential for enhancing alignment and user satisfaction. Traditional reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) approaches often rely on monolithic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Avinandan Bose , Zhihan Xiong , Yuejie Chi , Simon Shaolei Du , Lin Xiao , Maryam Fazel

Reward modeling is essential for aligning Large Language Models(LLMs) with human preferences, yet conventional reward models suffer from poor interpretability and heavy reliance on costly expert annotations. While recent rubric-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Dengcan Liu , Fengkai Yang , Xiaohan Wang , Shurui Yan , Jiajun Chai , Jiahao Li , Yikun Ban , Zhendong Mao , Wei Lin , Guojun Yin

We fine-tune large language models to write natural language critiques (natural language critical comments) using behavioral cloning. On a topic-based summarization task, critiques written by our models help humans find flaws in summaries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-15 William Saunders , Catherine Yeh , Jeff Wu , Steven Bills , Long Ouyang , Jonathan Ward , Jan Leike

Designing effective reward functions remains a fundamental challenge in reinforcement learning (RL), as it often requires extensive human effort and domain expertise. While RL from human feedback has been successful in aligning agents with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Tung Minh Luu , Younghwan Lee , Donghoon Lee , Sunho Kim , Min Jun Kim , Chang D. Yoo

Reward models are critical in techniques like Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) and Inference Scaling Laws, where they guide language model alignment and select optimal responses. Despite their importance, existing reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yantao Liu , Zijun Yao , Rui Min , Yixin Cao , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

Humans follow criteria when they execute tasks, and these criteria are directly used to assess the quality of task completion. Therefore, having models learn to use criteria to provide feedback can help humans or models to perform tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Weizhe Yuan , Pengfei Liu , Matthias Gallé

Generative Reward Models (GRMs) provide greater flexibility than scalar reward models in capturing human preferences, but their effectiveness is limited by poor reasoning capabilities. This often results in incomplete or overly speculative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Bin Chen , Xinzge Gao , Chuanrui Hu , Penghang Yu , Hua Zhang , Bing-Kun Bao

Reward models (RMs) are crucial for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. They are trained using preference datasets where each example consists of one input prompt, two responses, and a preference label. As curating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Jiaming Shen , Ran Xu , Yennie Jun , Zhen Qin , Tianqi Liu , Carl Yang , Yi Liang , Simon Baumgartner , Michael Bendersky

When language models (LMs) are trained via reinforcement learning (RL) to generate natural language "reasoning chains", their performance improves on a variety of difficult question answering tasks. Today, almost all successful applications…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Mehul Damani , Isha Puri , Stewart Slocum , Idan Shenfeld , Leshem Choshen , Yoon Kim , Jacob Andreas

Personalizing the outputs of large language models (LLMs) to align with individual user preferences is an active research area. However, previous studies have mainly focused on classification or ranking tasks and have not considered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Koki Ryu , Hitomi Yanaka

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse natural language tasks, yet the reward models employed for aligning LLMs often encounter challenges of reward hacking, where the approaches predominantly rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Biao Liu , Ning Xu , Junming Yang , Hao Xu , Xin Geng

Process Reward Models (PRMs) have emerged as a promising approach to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by guiding their step-by-step reasoning toward a final answer. However, existing PRMs either treat each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Zheng Zhang , Ziwei Shan , Kaitao Song , Yexin Li , Kan Ren

The reward model for Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has proven effective in fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs). Notably, collecting human feedback for RLHF can be resource-intensive and lead to scalability issues…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jinghan Zhang , Xiting Wang , Yiqiao Jin , Changyu Chen , Xinhao Zhang , Kunpeng Liu

Personalized alignment of large language models seeks to adapt responses to individual user preferences, typically via reinforcement learning. A key challenge is obtaining accurate, user-specific reward signals in open-ended scenarios.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Pinyi Zhang , Ting-En Lin , Yuchuan Wu , Jingyang Chen , Zongqi Wang , Hua Yang , Ze Xu , Fei Huang , Kai Zhang , Yongbin Li

Reward models are critical for reinforcement learning from human feedback, as they determine the alignment quality and reliability of generative models. For complex tasks such as image editing, reward models are required to capture global…

Reinforcement learning with human feedback for aligning large language models (LLMs) trains a reward model typically using ranking loss with comparison pairs.However, the training procedure suffers from an inherent problem: the uncontrolled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Hang Zhou , Chenglong Wang , Yimin Hu , Tong Xiao , Chunliang Zhang , Jingbo Zhu

Through reinforcement learning (RL) with outcome correctness rewards, large reasoning models (LRMs) with scaled inference computation have demonstrated substantial success on complex reasoning tasks. However, the one-sided reward, focused…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Jiashu Yao , Heyan Huang , Shuang Zeng , Chuwei Luo , WangJie You , Jie Tang , Qingsong Liu , Yuhang Guo , Yangyang Kang

Reward models (RMs) are critical for aligning Large Language Models via Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF). While Generative Reward Models (GRMs) achieve superior accuracy through chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, they incur…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Jiayun Wu , Peixu Hou , Shan Qu , Peng Zhang , Ning Gu , Tun Lu

Reward models (RMs) are fundamental to aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) via human feedback, yet they often suffer from reward hacking. They tend to latch on to superficial or spurious attributes, such as response length or formatting,…