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Vector quantization is a technique in machine learning that discretizes continuous representations into a set of discrete vectors. It is widely employed in tokenizing data representations for large language models, diffusion models, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Wenhao Zhao , Qiran Zou , Rushi Shah , Yudi Wu , Zhouhan Lin , Dianbo Liu

Vector Quantization (VQ) is essential for discretizing continuous representations in unsupervised learning but suffers from representation collapse, causing low codebook utilization and limiting scalability. Existing solutions often rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yongxin Zhu , Bocheng Li , Yifei Xin , Zhihua Xia , Linli Xu

Quantizing images into discrete representations has been a fundamental problem in unified generative modeling. Predominant approaches learn the discrete representation either in a deterministic manner by selecting the best-matching token or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Jiahui Zhang , Fangneng Zhan , Christian Theobalt , Shijian Lu

Vector quantization, which discretizes a continuous vector space into a finite set of representative vectors (a codebook), has been widely adopted in modern machine learning. Despite its effectiveness, vector quantization poses a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Takashi Morita

Modern neural translation models based on the Transformer architecture are known for their high performance, particularly when trained on high-resource datasets. A standard next-token prediction training strategy, while widely adopted in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Evgeniia Tokarchuk , Maya K. Nachesa , Sergey Troshin , Vlad Niculae

The success of autoregressive models largely depends on the effectiveness of vector quantization, a technique that discretizes continuous features by mapping them to the nearest code vectors within a learnable codebook. Two critical issues…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Xianghong Fang , Litao Guo , Hengchao Chen , Yuxuan Zhang , XiaofanXia , Dingjie Song , Yexin Liu , Hao Wang , Harry Yang , Yuan Yuan , Qiang Sun

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a method for discretizing latent representations and has become a major part of the deep learning toolkit. It has been theoretically and empirically shown that discretization of representations leads to improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Dianbo Liu , Alex Lamb , Xu Ji , Pascal Notsawo , Mike Mozer , Yoshua Bengio , Kenji Kawaguchi

Vector Quantization (VQ) has recently emerged as a promising approach for learning discrete representations of graph-structured data. However, a fundamental challenge, i.e., codebook collapse, remains underexplored in the graph domain,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zian Zhai , Fan Li , Xingyu Tan , Xiaoyang Wang , Wenjie Zhang

Recognizing elementary underlying concepts from observations (disentanglement) and generating novel combinations of these concepts (compositional generalization) are fundamental abilities for humans to support rapid knowledge learning and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Tao Yang , Yuwang Wang , Cuiling Lan , Yan Lu , Nanning Zheng

The success of models operating on tokenized data has heightened the need for effective tokenization methods, particularly in vision and auditory tasks where inputs are naturally continuous. A common solution is to employ Vector…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-08 Nabarun Goswami , Yusuke Mukuta , Tatsuya Harada

Vector quantization (VQ) transforms continuous image features into discrete representations, providing compressed, tokenized inputs for generative models. However, VQ-based frameworks suffer from several issues, such as non-smooth latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Xing Hu , Qiang Wu , Dawei Yang

Vector Quantization (VQ) is an appealing model compression method to obtain a tiny model with less accuracy loss. While methods to obtain better codebooks and codes under fixed clustering dimensionality have been extensively studied,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Zezhou Zhu , Yucong Zhou , Zhao Zhong

We investigate the ability of decoder-only transformer models to perform abstract symbolic reasoning; specifically solving propositional logic reasoning problems given in-context. Previous work demonstrated that models fail to generalize to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Nevena Lazić , Liam Fowl , András György , Csaba Szepesvári

The reliability of segmentation models in the medical domain depends on the model's robustness to perturbations in the input space. Robustness is a particular challenge in medical imaging exhibiting various sources of image noise,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-06 Ainkaran Santhirasekaram , Avinash Kori , Mathias Winkler , Andrea Rockall , Ben Glocker

As soon as abstract mathematical computations were adapted to computation on digital computers, the problem of efficient representation, manipulation, and communication of the numerical values in those computations arose. Strongly related…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Amir Gholami , Sehoon Kim , Zhen Dong , Zhewei Yao , Michael W. Mahoney , Kurt Keutzer

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) has become the most promising method for object recognition, repeatedly demonstrating record breaking results for image classification and object detection in recent years. However, a very deep CNN…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-12-22 Yunchao Gong , Liu Liu , Ming Yang , Lubomir Bourdev

Vector quantization (VQ) is a method for deterministically learning features through discrete codebook representations. Recent works have utilized visual tokenizers to discretize visual regions for self-supervised representation learning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Chenjing Ding , Chiyu Wang , Boshi Liu , Xi Guo , Weixuan Tang , Wei Wu

Interpretability of deep reinforcement learning systems could assist operators with understanding how they interact with their environment. Vector quantization methods -- also called codebook methods -- discretize a neural network's latent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Kenneth Eaton , Jonathan Balloch , Julia Kim , Mark Riedl

Vector Quantization (VQ) has become the cornerstone of tokenization for many multimodal Large Language Models and diffusion synthesis. However, existing VQ paradigms suffer from a fundamental conflict: they enforce discretization before the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Wenhao Zhao , Qiran Zou , Zhouhan Lin , Dianbo Liu

Deep Learning models encode rich semantic information in their hidden representations. However, it remains challenging to understand which parts of this information models actually rely on when making predictions. A promising line of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Xuemin Yu , Ankur Garg , Samira Ebrahimi Kahou , Hassan Sajjad
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