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Noise in quantum computing is countered with quantum error correction. Achieving optimal performance will require tailoring codes and decoding algorithms to account for features of realistic noise, such as the common situation where the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-02 David K. Tuckett , Stephen D. Bartlett , Steven T. Flammia , Benjamin J. Brown

Realizing the full potential of quantum computation requires quantum error correction (QEC), with most recent breakthrough demonstrations of QEC using the surface code. QEC codes use multiple noisy physical qubits to encode information in…

We demonstrate that the performance of quantum error correction can be improved with noise-aware decoders that are calibrated to the likelihood of physical error configurations in a device. We show that noise-aware decoding increases the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-02 Evan T. Hockings , Andrew C. Doherty , Robin Harper

Quantum computing is poised to solve practically useful problems which are computationally intractable for classical supercomputers. However, the current generation of quantum computers are limited by errors that may only partially be…

Quantum error correction is necessary to perform large-scale quantum computations in the presence of noise and decoherence. As a result, several aspects of quantum error correction have already been explored. These have been primarily…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-05 Ariel Shlosberg , Anthony M. Polloreno , Graeme Smith

Quantum computers will eventually reach a size at which quantum error correction becomes imperative. Quantum information can be protected from qubit imperfections and flawed control operations by encoding a single logical qubit in multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-15 N. M. Linke , M. Gutierrez , K. A. Landsman , C. Figgatt , S. Debnath , K. R. Brown , C. Monroe

The realization of fault-tolerant quantum computers hinges on the construction of high-speed, high-accuracy, real-time decoding systems. The persistent challenge lies in the fundamental trade-off between speed and accuracy: efforts to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Riki Toshio , Kaito Kishi , Jun Fujisaki , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii

The surface code is a powerful quantum error correcting code that can be defined on a 2-D square lattice of qubits with only nearest neighbor interactions. Syndrome and data qubits form a checkerboard pattern. Information about errors is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-11-24 Austin G. Fowler , David S. Wang , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

In this paper we investigate the role of local information in the decoding of the repetition and surface error correction codes for the protection of quantum states. Our key result is an improvement in resource efficiency when local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-30 Michael Hanks , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

Quantum error correction (QEC) enables reliable computation on noisy hardware by encoding logical information across many physical qubits and periodically measuring parities to detect errors. A decoder is the classical algorithm that uses…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Abtin Molavi , Feras Saad , Aws Albarghouthi

The standard quantum error correction protocols use projective measurements to extract the error syndromes from the encoded states. We consider the more general scenario of weak measurements, where only partial information about the error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-31 Parveen Kumar , Apoorva Patel

Noise is an important factor that influences the reliability of information acquisition, transmission, processing, and storage. In order to suppress the inevitable noise effects, a fault-tolerant information processing approach via quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Qi Song , Hongjing Li , Chengxi Yu , Jingzheng Huang , Ding Wang , Peng Huang , Guihua Zeng

Quantum error correction (QEC) enables fault-tolerant quantum computation but requires operating quantum hardware at physical error rates below code-dependent thresholds, which remains challenging for current devices. We introduce syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Luis Colmenarez , Áron Márton , Markus Müller

Quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) are necessary for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Surface codes are a class of topological QECCs that have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional error-correcting capabilities and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Jifan Liang , Qianfan Wang , Lvzhou Li , Xiao Ma

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for scalable quantum computing. However, it requires classical decoders that are fast and accurate enough to keep pace with quantum hardware. While quantum low-density parity-check codes have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Andi Gu , J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Mikhail D. Lukin , Susanne F. Yelin

We consider the problem of optimally decoding a quantum error correction code -- that is to find the optimal recovery procedure given the outcomes of partial "check" measurements on the system. In general, this problem is NP-hard. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 David Poulin

Quantum error detection can produce unbiased expectation values that exponentially converge to noiseless results as the code distance is increased. Despite this, its performance as an error mitigation technique is relatively understudied on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Yanis Le Fur , Ethan Egger , Hong-Ye Hu , Vincent Russo , William J. Zeng , Ryan LaRose

Robust quantum computation requires encoding delicate quantum information into degrees of freedom that are hard for the environment to change. Quantum encodings have been demonstrated in many physical systems by observing and correcting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-08 Maika Takita , Andrew W. Cross , A. D. Córcoles , Jerry M. Chow , Jay M. Gambetta

The overheads of classical decoding for quantum error correction on superconducting quantum systems grow rapidly with the number of logical qubits and their correction code distance. Decoding at room temperature is bottle-necked by…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is required for large-scale computation, but incurs a significant resource overhead. Recent advances have shown that by jointly decoding logical qubits in algorithms composed of transversal gates, the number…