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Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) demand considerable computations for inference due to the extensive parameters and the additional input tokens needed for visual information representation. Herein, we introduce Visual Tokens…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Zhihang Lin , Mingbao Lin , Luxi Lin , Rongrong Ji

The use of self-supervised pre-training has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the performance of many different visual tasks. In this context, recent approaches have employed the Masked Image Modeling paradigm, which pre-trains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Lorenzo Baraldi , Roberto Amoroso , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Andrea Pilzer , Rita Cucchiara

Recent advancements in Deep Neural Network (DNN) models have significantly improved performance across computer vision tasks. However, achieving highly generalizable and high-performing vision models requires expansive datasets, resulting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Minhyun Lee , Song Park , Byeongho Heo , Dongyoon Han , Hyunjung Shim

Learning with large-scale unlabeled data has become a powerful tool for pre-training Visual Transformers (VTs). However, prior works tend to overlook that, in real-world scenarios, the input data may be corrupted and unreliable.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Tianjiao Li , Lin Geng Foo , Ping Hu , Xindi Shang , Hossein Rahmani , Zehuan Yuan , Jun Liu

Despite the recent progress in speech emotion recognition (SER), state-of-the-art systems lack generalisation across different conditions. A key underlying reason for poor generalisation is the scarcity of emotion datasets, which is a…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Siddique Latif , Rajib Rana , Sara Khalifa , Raja Jurdak , Björn W. Schuller

Mixture of Vision Encoders (MoVE) has emerged as a powerful approach to enhance the fine-grained visual understanding of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), improving their ability to handle tasks such as complex optical character…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Mozhgan Nasr Azadani , James Riddell , Sean Sedwards , Krzysztof Czarnecki

Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) is an active field in natural language processing with many successful developed models in recent years. Despite their high in-distribution accuracy, these models suffer from two issues: high training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Razieh Baradaran , Hossein Amirkhani

In Transformer architectures, tokens\textemdash discrete units derived from raw data\textemdash are formed by segmenting inputs into fixed-length chunks. Each token is then mapped to an embedding, enabling parallel attention computations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhenglun Kong , Yize Li , Fanhu Zeng , Lei Xin , Shvat Messica , Xue Lin , Pu Zhao , Manolis Kellis , Hao Tang , Marinka Zitnik

Although vision transformers (ViT) have shown remarkable success in various vision tasks, their computationally expensive self-attention hinder their deployment on resource-constrained devices. Token reduction, which discards less important…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Haoyue Zhang , Jie Zhang , Song Guo

A powerful way to improve performance in machine learning is to construct an ensemble that combines the predictions of multiple models. Ensemble methods are often much more accurate and lower variance than the individual classifiers that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Antonio Macaluso , Luca Clissa , Stefano Lodi , Claudio Sartori

We propose a visual-linguistic representation learning approach within a self-supervised learning framework by introducing a new operation, loss, and data augmentation strategy. First, we generate diverse features for the image-text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Jaeyoo Park , Bohyung Han

Unsupervised multivariate time series (MTS) representation learning aims to extract compact and informative representations from raw sequences without relying on labels, enabling efficient transfer to diverse downstream tasks. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yi Xu , Yitian Zhang , Yun Fu

Despite the success of transformers on various computer vision tasks, they suffer from excessive memory and computational cost. Some works present dynamic vision transformers to accelerate inference by pruning redundant tokens. A key to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Fengyuan Shi , Limin Wang

Vision transformers have been widely explored in various vision tasks. Due to heavy computational cost, much interest has aroused for compressing vision transformer dynamically in the aspect of tokens. Current methods mainly pay attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Fanhu Zeng , Deli Yu , Zhenglun Kong , Hao Tang

Speech emotion recognition (SER) plays a critical role in building emotion-aware speech systems, but its performance degrades significantly under noisy conditions. Although speech enhancement (SE) can improve robustness, it often introduces…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-29 Jing-Tong Tzeng , Carlos Busso , Chi-Chun Lee

To achieve high performance of a machine learning (ML) task, a deep learning-based model must implicitly capture the entire distribution from data. Thus, it requires a huge amount of training samples, and data are expected to fully present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Hung Nguyen , Morris Chang

Transformers have demonstrated remarkable success across vision, language, and video. Yet, increasing task complexity has led to larger models and more tokens, raising the quadratic cost of self-attention and the overhead of GPU memory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Joonmyung Choi , Sanghyeok Lee , Byungoh Ko , Eunseo Kim , Jihyung Kil , Hyunwoo J. Kim

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as powerful architectures in computer vision, yet improving their computational efficiency remains crucial for practical and scalable deployment.While token reduction serves as an effective approach…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Jinyoung Park , Minseok Son , Changick Kim

Vision Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities across various visual understanding and reasoning tasks, driven by incorporating image representations into the token inputs of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Kevin Y. Li , Sachin Goyal , Joao D. Semedo , J. Zico Kolter

Masked video modeling~(MVM) has emerged as a highly effective pre-training strategy for visual foundation models, whereby the model reconstructs masked spatiotemporal tokens using information from visible tokens. However, a key challenge in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Ayush K. Rai , Kyle Min , Tarun Krishna , Feiyan Hu , Alan F. Smeaton , Noel E. O'Connor