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The deployment of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has brought forth a unique vulnerability: susceptibility to malicious attacks through visual inputs. This paper investigates the novel challenge of defending MLLMs against such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Renjie Pi , Tianyang Han , Jianshu Zhang , Yueqi Xie , Rui Pan , Qing Lian , Hanze Dong , Jipeng Zhang , Tong Zhang

Semantic communication is of crucial importance for the next-generation wireless communication networks. The existing works have developed semantic communication frameworks based on deep learning. However, systems powered by deep learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Yuan Zhou , Rose Qingyang Hu , Yi Qian

Backdoor attacks, which maliciously control a well-trained model's outputs of the instances with specific triggers, are recently shown to be serious threats to the safety of reusing deep neural networks (DNNs). In this work, we propose an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Wenkai Yang , Yankai Lin , Peng Li , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

Machine Learning (ML) has automated a multitude of our day-to-day decision making domains such as education, employment and driving automation. The continued success of ML largely depends on our ability to trust the model we are using.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Sakshi Udeshi , Shanshan Peng , Gerald Woo , Lionell Loh , Louth Rawshan , Sudipta Chattopadhyay

Recently, the newly emerged multimodal models, which leverage both visual and linguistic modalities to train powerful encoders, have gained increasing attention. However, learning from a large-scale unlabeled dataset also exposes the model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Ziqing Yang , Xinlei He , Zheng Li , Michael Backes , Mathias Humbert , Pascal Berrang , Yang Zhang

Institutions with limited data and computing resources often outsource model training to third-party providers in a semi-honest setting, assuming adherence to prescribed training protocols with pre-defined learning paradigm (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Xuan Wang , Siyuan Liang , Dongping Liao , Han Fang , Aishan Liu , Xiaochun Cao , Yu-liang Lu , Ee-Chien Chang , Xitong Gao

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into software development workflows, they also become prime targets for adversarial attacks. Among these, backdoor attacks are a significant threat, allowing attackers to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Quoc Hung Le , Thanh Le-Cong , Bach Le , Bowen Xu

Federated learning (FL) allows a set of agents to collaboratively train a model without sharing their potentially sensitive data. This makes FL suitable for privacy-preserving applications. At the same time, FL is susceptible to adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Mustafa Safa Ozdayi , Murat Kantarcioglu , Yulia R. Gel

Backdoor attacks pose a serious threat to deep neural networks (DNNs), allowing adversaries to implant triggers for hidden behaviors in inference. Defending against such vulnerabilities is especially difficult in the post-training setting,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Weijun Li , Ansh Arora , Xuanli He , Mark Dras , Qiongkai Xu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) provide excellent performance across a wide range of classification tasks, but their training requires high computational resources and is often outsourced to third parties. Recent work has shown that outsourced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-01 Kang Liu , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Siddharth Garg

Backdoor defense, which aims to detect or mitigate the effect of malicious triggers introduced by attackers, is becoming increasingly critical for machine learning security and integrity. Fine-tuning based on benign data is a natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Mingli Zhu , Shaokui Wei , Li Shen , Yanbo Fan , Baoyuan Wu

Recent advances in biometric systems have significantly improved the detection and prevention of fraudulent activities. However, as detection methods improve, attack techniques become increasingly sophisticated. Attacks on face recognition…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Lazaro Janier Gonzalez-Soler , Maciej Salwowski , Christoph Busch

Federated learning distributes model training among a multitude of agents, who, guided by privacy concerns, perform training using their local data but share only model parameter updates, for iterative aggregation at the server. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Arjun Nitin Bhagoji , Supriyo Chakraborty , Prateek Mittal , Seraphin Calo

\textbf{P}re-\textbf{T}rained \textbf{M}odel\textbf{s} have been widely applied and recently proved vulnerable under backdoor attacks: the released pre-trained weights can be maliciously poisoned with certain triggers. When the triggers are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Linyang Li , Demin Song , Xiaonan Li , Jiehang Zeng , Ruotian Ma , Xipeng Qiu

Semi-supervised learning methods can train high-accuracy machine learning models with a fraction of the labeled training samples required for traditional supervised learning. Such methods do not typically involve close review of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Marissa Connor , Vincent Emanuele

The security of Large Language Model (LLM) applications is fundamentally challenged by "form-first" attacks like prompt injection and jailbreaking, where malicious instructions are embedded within user inputs. Conventional defenses, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Dominik Schwarz

Machine learning has become an important component for many systems and applications including computer vision, spam filtering, malware and network intrusion detection, among others. Despite the capabilities of machine learning algorithms…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-14 Andrea Paudice , Luis Muñoz-González , Andras Gyorgy , Emil C. Lupu

Contrastive language-image pretraining (CLIP) has been found to be vulnerable to poisoning backdoor attacks where the adversary can achieve an almost perfect attack success rate on CLIP models by poisoning only 0.01\% of the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Hanxun Huang , Sarah Erfani , Yige Li , Xingjun Ma , James Bailey

Backdoor attacks are a kind of emergent security threat in deep learning. After being injected with a backdoor, a deep neural model will behave normally on standard inputs but give adversary-specified predictions once the input contains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Yangyi Chen , Fanchao Qi , Hongcheng Gao , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Backdoor defenses have been studied to alleviate the threat of deep neural networks (DNNs) being backdoor attacked and thus maliciously altered. Since DNNs usually adopt some external training data from an untrusted third party, a robust…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Kuofeng Gao , Yang Bai , Jindong Gu , Yong Yang , Shu-Tao Xia