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Related papers: FLD+: Data-efficient Evaluation Metric for Generat…

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We propose two new evaluation metrics to assess realness of generated images based on normalizing flows: a simpler and efficient flow-based likelihood distance (FLD) and a more exact dual-flow based likelihood distance (D-FLD). Because…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Pranav Jeevan , Neeraj Nixon , Amit Sethi

Determining whether two sets of images belong to the same or different distributions or domains is a crucial task in modern medical image analysis and deep learning; for example, to evaluate the output quality of image generative models.…

As with many machine learning problems, the progress of image generation methods hinges on good evaluation metrics. One of the most popular is the Frechet Inception Distance (FID). FID estimates the distance between a distribution of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Sadeep Jayasumana , Srikumar Ramalingam , Andreas Veit , Daniel Glasner , Ayan Chakrabarti , Sanjiv Kumar

Modern metrics for generative learning like Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) and DINOv2-Fr\'echet Distance (FD-DINOv2) demonstrate impressive performance. However, they suffer from various shortcomings, like a bias towards specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lokesh Veeramacheneni , Moritz Wolter , Hildegard Kuehne , Juergen Gall

The past few years have seen impressive progress in the development of deep generative models capable of producing high-dimensional, complex, and photo-realistic data. However, current methods for evaluating such models remain incomplete:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Marco Jiralerspong , Avishek Joey Bose , Ian Gemp , Chongli Qin , Yoram Bachrach , Gauthier Gidel

The success of deep learning-based generative models in producing realistic images, videos, and audios has led to a crucial consideration: how to effectively assess the quality of synthetic samples. While the Fr\'{e}chet Inception Distance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yang Chen , Dustin J. Kempton , Rafal A. Angryk

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID), computed with an ImageNet pretrained Inception-v3 network, is widely used as a state-of-the-art evaluation metric for generative models. It assumes that feature vectors from Inception-v3 follow a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yuli Wu , Fucheng Liu , Rüveyda Yilmaz , Henning Konermann , Peter Walter , Johannes Stegmaier

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is the primary metric for ranking models in data-driven generative modeling. While remarkably successful, the metric is known to sometimes disagree with human judgement. We investigate a root cause of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Tuomas Kynkäänniemi , Tero Karras , Miika Aittala , Timo Aila , Jaakko Lehtinen

The growth of generative adversarial network (GAN) models has increased the ability of image processing and provides numerous industries with the technology to produce realistic image transformations. However, with the field being recently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Ricardo de Deijn , Aishwarya Batra , Brandon Koch , Naseef Mansoor , Hema Makkena

Feature embeddings acquired from pretrained models are widely used in medical applications of deep learning to assess the characteristics of datasets; e.g. to determine the quality of synthetic, generated medical images. The Fr\'{e}chet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ciaran Bench , Vivek Desai , Carlijn Roozemond , Ruben van Engen , Spencer A. Thomas

Devising indicative evaluation metrics for the image generation task remains an open problem. The most widely used metric for measuring the similarity between real and generated images has been the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) score.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Muhammad Ferjad Naeem , Seong Joon Oh , Youngjung Uh , Yunjey Choi , Jaejun Yoo

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is a widely used metric for assessing synthetic image quality. It relies on an ImageNet-based feature extractor, making its applicability to medical imaging unclear. A recent trend is to adapt FID to…

Synthetic images are an option for augmenting limited medical imaging datasets to improve the performance of various machine learning models. A common metric for evaluating synthetic image quality is the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID)…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-30 Thomas Wallace , Ik Siong Heng , Senad Subasic , Chris Messenger

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) models in smart grids have advanced significantly in recent years due to their ability to generate large amounts of synthetic data, which would otherwise be difficult to obtain in the real world due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yuting Cai , Shaohuai Liu , Chao Tian , Le Xie

This work evaluates the robustness of quality measures of generative models such as Inception Score (IS) and Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID). Analogous to the vulnerability of deep models against a variety of adversarial attacks, we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Motasem Alfarra , Juan C. Pérez , Anna Frühstück , Philip H. S. Torr , Peter Wonka , Bernard Ghanem

We show that Fr\'echet Distance (FD), long considered impractical as a training objective, can in fact be effectively optimized in the representation space. Our idea is simple: decouple the population size for FD estimation (e.g., 50k) from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jiawei Yang , Zhengyang Geng , Xuan Ju , Yonglong Tian , Yue Wang

A great interest has arisen in using Deep Generative Models (DGM) for generative design. When assessing the quality of the generated designs, human designers focus more on structural plausibility, e.g., no missing component, rather than…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jiajie Fan , Amal Trigui , Thomas Bäck , Hao Wang

We present two new metrics for evaluating generative models in the class-conditional image generation setting. These metrics are obtained by generalizing the two most popular unconditional metrics: the Inception Score (IS) and the Fre'chet…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Yaniv Benny , Tomer Galanti , Sagie Benaim , Lior Wolf

Flow-based generative models are powerful exact likelihood models with efficient sampling and inference. Despite their computational efficiency, flow-based models generally have much worse density modeling performance compared to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-17 Jonathan Ho , Xi Chen , Aravind Srinivas , Yan Duan , Pieter Abbeel

Image enhancement holds extensive applications in real-world scenarios due to complex environments and limitations of imaging devices. Conventional methods are often constrained by their tailored models, resulting in diminished robustness…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Yixuan Zhu , Wenliang Zhao , Ao Li , Yansong Tang , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu
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