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The Adam optimizer is a cornerstone of modern deep learning, yet the empirical necessity of each of its individual components is often taken for granted. This paper presents a focused investigation into the role of bias-correction, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sam Laing , Antonio Orvieto

Adam-type methods, the extension of adaptive gradient methods, have shown great performance in the training of both supervised and unsupervised machine learning models. In particular, Adam-type optimizers have been widely used empirically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Zehao Dou , Yuanzhi Li

This work introduces ZetA, a novel deep learning optimizer that extends Adam by incorporating dynamic scaling based on the Riemann zeta function. To the best of our knowledge, ZetA is the first optimizer to apply zeta-based gradient scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Samiksha BC

Adaptive gradient methods, e.g. \textsc{Adam}, have achieved tremendous success in machine learning. Scaling the learning rate element-wisely by a certain form of second moment estimate of gradients, such methods are able to attain rapid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Yizhou Wang , Yue Kang , Can Qin , Huan Wang , Yi Xu , Yulun Zhang , Yun Fu

Accelerated training algorithms, such as adaptive learning rates (or preconditioning) and various normalization methods, are widely used but not fully understood. When regularization is introduced, standard optimizers like adaptive learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Qiang Ye

Averaging techniques such as Ruppert--Polyak averaging and exponential movering averaging (EMA) are powerful approaches to accelerate optimization procedures of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization methods such as the popular ADAM…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-29 Arnulf Jentzen , Julian Kranz , Adrian Riekert

We propose a new variant of AMSGrad, a popular adaptive gradient based optimization algorithm widely used for training deep neural networks. Our algorithm adds prior knowledge about the sequence of consecutive mini-batch gradients and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-04 Jun-Kun Wang , Xiaoyun Li , Belhal Karimi , Ping Li

Learning rate adaptation is a popular topic in machine learning. Gradient Descent trains neural nerwork with a fixed learning rate. Learning rate adaptation is proposed to accelerate the training process through adjusting the step size in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Bozhou Chen , Hongzhi Wang , Chenmin Ba

Adaptive optimization methods such as AdaGrad, RMSprop and Adam have been proposed to achieve a rapid training process with an element-wise scaling term on learning rates. Though prevailing, they are observed to generalize poorly compared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-22 Liangchen Luo , Yuanhao Xiong , Yan Liu , Xu Sun

The adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer proposed by Kingma & Ba (2014) is presumably the most popular stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method for the training of deep neural networks (DNNs) in artificial intelligence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Steffen Dereich , Thang Do , Arnulf Jentzen

Beside the standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method, the Adam optimizer due to Kingma & Ba (2014) is currently probably the best-known optimization method for the training of deep neural networks in artificial intelligence (AI)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Steffen Dereich , Thang Do , Arnulf Jentzen , Philippe von Wurstemberger

The rapid scaling of large language models (LLMs) has made low-precision training essential for reducing memory, improving efficiency, and enabling larger models and datasets. Existing convergence theories for adaptive optimizers, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xuan Tang , Jichu Li , Difan Zou

Mixed-signal artificial neural networks (ANNs) that employ analog matrix-multiplication accelerators can achieve higher speed and improved power efficiency. Though analog computing is known to be susceptible to noise and device…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-01 Joseph Ulseth , Zheyuan Zhu , Guifang Li , Shuo Pang

Deep neural network learning can be formulated as a non-convex optimization problem. Existing optimization algorithms, e.g., Adam, can learn the models fast, but may get stuck in local optima easily. In this paper, we introduce a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Jiawei Zhang , Fisher B. Gouza

Although ADAM is a very popular algorithm for optimizing the weights of neural networks, it has been recently shown that it can diverge even in simple convex optimization examples. Several variants of ADAM have been proposed to circumvent…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-09-25 Anas Barakat , Pascal Bianchi

Adaptive first-order optimizers are fundamental tools in deep learning, although they may suffer from poor generalization due to the nonuniform gradient scaling. In this work, we propose AdamL, a novel variant of the Adam optimizer, that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-27 Lu Xia , Stefano Massei

Adam has proven remarkable successful in training deep neural networks, but the mechanisms underlying its empirical successes and limitations remain underexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that the effectiveness of Adam stems largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Hanyang Peng , Shuang Qin , Yue Yu , Fangqing Jiang , Hui Wang , Wen Gao

In recent years, deep learning has achieved remarkable success in various fields such as image recognition, natural language processing, and speech recognition. The effectiveness of deep learning largely depends on the optimization methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 David Shulman

Background: Recent developments have made it possible to accelerate neural networks training significantly using large batch sizes and data parallelism. Training in an asynchronous fashion, where delay occurs, can make training even more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Niv Giladi , Mor Shpigel Nacson , Elad Hoffer , Daniel Soudry

Adam is one of the most influential adaptive stochastic algorithms for training deep neural networks, which has been pointed out to be divergent even in the simple convex setting via a few simple counterexamples. Many attempts, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Congliang Chen , Li Shen , Fangyu Zou , Wei Liu