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Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant success in recent years; yet, issues of intrinsic gender bias persist, especially in non-English languages. Although current research mostly emphasizes English, the linguistic and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Md Asgor Hossain Reaj , Rajan Das Gupta , Jui Saha Pritha , Abdullah Al Noman , Abir Ahmed , Golam Md Mohiuddin , Tze Hui Liew

Text-to-Speech (TTS) system is a system where speech is synthesized from a given text following any particular approach. Concatenative synthesis, Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based synthesis, Deep Learning (DL) based synthesis with multiple…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Prithwiraj Bhattacharjee , Rajan Saha Raju , Arif Ahmad , M. Shahidur Rahman

Massively multilingual Transformers (MMTs), such as mBERT and XLM-R, are widely used for cross-lingual transfer learning. While these are pretrained to represent hundreds of languages, end users of NLP systems are often interested only in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Alan Ansell , Edoardo Maria Ponti , Anna Korhonen , Ivan Vulić

Producing the embedding of a sentence in an unsupervised way is valuable to natural language matching and retrieval problems in practice. In this work, we conduct a thorough examination of pretrained model based unsupervised sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Junjie Huang , Duyu Tang , Wanjun Zhong , Shuai Lu , Linjun Shou , Ming Gong , Daxin Jiang , Nan Duan

Sentence compression is the task of creating a shorter version of an input sentence while keeping important information. In this paper, we extend the task of compression by deletion with the use of contextual embeddings. Different from…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Minh-Tien Nguyen , Bui Cong Minh , Dung Tien Le , Le Thai Linh

Researchers have explored different ways to improve large language models (LLMs)' capabilities via dummy token insertion in contexts. However, existing works focus solely on the dummy tokens themselves, but fail to leverage the inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Zhichen Liu , Yongyuan Li , Yang Xu

Machine Translation (MT) has advanced from rule-based and statistical methods to neural approaches based on the Transformer architecture. While these methods have achieved impressive results for high-resource languages, low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Mangsura Kabir Oni , Tabia Tanzin Prama

In this paper, we describe a research method that generates Bangla word clusters on the basis of relating to meaning in language and contextual similarity. The importance of word clustering is in parts of speech (POS) tagging, word sense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-31 Dipaloke Saha , Md Saddam Hossain , MD. Saiful Islam , Sabir Ismail

Lemmatization holds significance in both natural language processing (NLP) and linguistics, as it effectively decreases data density and aids in comprehending contextual meaning. However, due to the highly inflected nature and morphological…

Contextual language models have been trained on Classical languages, including Ancient Greek and Latin, for tasks such as lemmatization, morphological tagging, part of speech tagging, authorship attribution, and detection of scribal errors.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Kevin Krahn , Derrick Tate , Andrew C. Lamicela

Sentence embedding is essential for many NLP tasks, with contrastive learning methods achieving strong performance using annotated datasets like NLI. Yet, the reliance on manual labels limits scalability. Recent studies leverage large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Liyang He , Chenglong Liu , Rui Li , Zhenya Huang , Shulan Ruan , Jun Zhou , Enhong Chen

This paper proposes an approach to cross-language sentence selection in a low-resource setting. It uses data augmentation and negative sampling techniques on noisy parallel sentence data to directly learn a cross-lingual embedding-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Yanda Chen , Chris Kedzie , Suraj Nair , Petra Galuščáková , Rui Zhang , Douglas W. Oard , Kathleen McKeown

Bengali is the seventh most spoken language on earth, yet considered a low-resource language in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Question answering over unstructured text is a challenging NLP task as it requires understanding…

We investigate how large language models perform on low-resource languages by benchmarking eight LLMs across five experimental conditions in English, Kazakh, and Mongolian. Using 50 hand-crafted questions spanning factual, reasoning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Abdul-Salem Beibitkhan

High-quality bilingual resources remain a critical bottleneck for advancing multilingual NLP in low-resource settings, particularly for Bangla. To mitigate this gap, we introduce BiST, a rigorously curated Bangla-English corpus for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Abdullah Al Shafi , Swapnil Kundu Argha , M. A. Moyeen , Abdul Muntakim , Shoumik Barman Polok

With the rise of online abuse, the NLP community has begun investigating the use of neural architectures to generate counterspeech that can "counter" the vicious tone of such abusive speech and dilute/ameliorate their rippling effect over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Mithun Das , Saurabh Kumar Pandey , Shivansh Sethi , Punyajoy Saha , Animesh Mukherjee

We propose a new approach for learning contextualised cross-lingual word embeddings based on a small parallel corpus (e.g. a few hundred sentence pairs). Our method obtains word embeddings via an LSTM encoder-decoder model that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Takashi Wada , Tomoharu Iwata , Yuji Matsumoto , Timothy Baldwin , Jey Han Lau

This article focuses on the study of Word Embedding, a feature-learning technique in Natural Language Processing that maps words or phrases to low-dimensional vectors. Beginning with the linguistic theories concerning contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Xiaolei Lu , Bin Ni

In parallel to their overwhelming success across NLP tasks, language ability of deep Transformer networks, pretrained via language modeling (LM) objectives has undergone extensive scrutiny. While probing revealed that these models encode a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Olga Majewska , Ivan Vulić , Goran Glavaš , Edoardo M. Ponti , Anna Korhonen

Though there has been a large body of recent works in language modeling (LM) for high resource languages such as English and Chinese, the area is still unexplored for low resource languages like Bengali and Hindi. We propose an end to end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Chowdhury Rafeed Rahman , MD. Hasibur Rahman , Mohammad Rafsan , Samiha Zakir , Mohammed Eunus Ali , Rafsanjani Muhammod