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Deep neural networks (DNNs) have garnered significant attention in various fields of science and technology in recent years. Activation functions define how neurons in DNNs process incoming signals for them. They are essential for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Jianfei Li , Han Feng , Ding-Xuan Zhou

In recent years, deep neural networks (DNNs) achieved unprecedented performance in many low-level vision tasks. However, state-of-the-art results are typically achieved by very deep networks, which can reach tens of layers with tens of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Idan Kligvasser , Tamar Rott Shaham , Tomer Michaeli

As modern deep learning architectures grow in complexity, representational ambiguity emerges as a critical barrier to their interpretability and reliable merging. For ReLU networks, identical functional mappings can be achieved through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Kutomanov Hennadii

Deep learning models are effective for sequential data modeling, yet commonly used activation functions such as ReLU, LeakyReLU, and PReLU often exhibit gradient instability when applied to noisy, non-stationary financial time series. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 George Awiakye-Marfo , Elijah Agbosu , Victoria Mawuena Barns , Samuel Asante Gyamerah

Activation functions play critical roles in neural networks, yet current off-the-shelf neural networks pay little attention to the specific choice of activation functions used. Here we show that data-aware customization of activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Fuchang Gao , Boyu Zhang

Activation functions play a central role in neural networks by shaping internal representations. Recently, learning binary activation representations has attracted significant attention due to their advantages in computational and memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Seokhun Park , Choeun Kim , Kwanho Lee , Sehyun Park , Insung Kong , Yongdai Kim

Equivariant neural networks have shown improved performance, expressiveness and sample complexity on symmetrical domains. But for some specific symmetries, representations, and choice of coordinates, the most common point-wise activations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Marco Pacini , Xiaowen Dong , Bruno Lepri , Gabriele Santin

In this note we consider setups in which variational objectives for Bayesian neural networks can be computed in closed form. In particular we focus on single-layer networks in which the activation function is piecewise polynomial (e.g.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-04 Martin Jankowiak

ReLU (rectified linear units) neural network has received significant attention since its emergence. In this paper, a univariate ReLU (UReLU) neural network is proposed to both modelling the nonlinear dynamic system and revealing insights…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-06 Xinglong Liang , Jun Xu

A general procedure for introducing parametric, learned, nonlinearity into activation functions is found to enhance the accuracy of representative neural networks without requiring significant additional computational resources. Examples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-14 David Yevick

In this work, we examine the approximation capabilities of deep neural networks utilizing the Rectified Quadratic Unit (ReQU) activation function, defined as \(\max(0,x)^2\), for approximating H\"older-regular functions with respect to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Ahmed Abdeljawad

Selecting the most suitable activation function is a critical factor in the effectiveness of deep learning models, as it influences their learning capacity, stability, and computational efficiency. In recent years, the Gaussian Error Linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Minhyeok Lee

Lipschitz-constrained neural networks have many applications in machine learning. Since designing and training expressive Lipschitz-constrained networks is very challenging, there is a need for improved methods and a better theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Sebastian Neumayer , Alexis Goujon , Pakshal Bohra , Michael Unser

The paper briefy reviews several recent results on hierarchical architectures for learning from examples, that may formally explain the conditions under which Deep Convolutional Neural Networks perform much better in function approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-12 Hrushikesh Mhaskar , Tomaso Poggio

In this paper, we propose a new super-expressive activation function called the Parametric Elementary Universal Activation Function (PEUAF). We demonstrate the effectiveness of PEUAF through systematic and comprehensive experiments on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Qianchao Wang , Shijun Zhang , Dong Zeng , Zhaoheng Xie , Hengtao Guo , Feng-Lei Fan , Tieyong Zeng

The choice of activation function plays a critical role in neural networks, yet most architectures still rely on fixed, uniform activation functions across all neurons. We introduce SmartMixed, a two-phase training strategy that allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Amin Omidvar

This paper develops simple feed-forward neural networks that achieve the universal approximation property for all continuous functions with a fixed finite number of neurons. These neural networks are simple because they are designed with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

Existing works on the expressive power of neural networks typically assume real parameters and exact operations. In this work, we study the expressive power of quantized networks under discrete fixed-point parameters and inexact fixed-point…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yeachan Park , Sejun Park , Geonho Hwang

Researchers have proposed various activation functions. These activation functions help the deep network to learn non-linear behavior with a significant effect on training dynamics and task performance. The performance of these activations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Pravendra Singh , Munender Varshney , Vinay P. Namboodiri

Recent Progress has shown that exploitation of hidden layer neurons in convolution neural networks incorporating with a carefully designed activation function can yield better classification results in the field of computer vision. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-10 Zhi Chen , Pin-han Ho