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SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs) play a critical role in detecting and debugging functional bugs in digital chip design. However, generating SVAs has traditionally been a manual, labor-intensive, and error-prone process. Recent advances in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Fenghua Wu , Evan Pan , Rahul Kande , Michael Quinn , Aakash Tyagi , David Kebo Houngninou , Jeyavijayan Rajendran , Jiang Hu

System Verilog Assertion (SVA) formulation -- a critical yet complex task is a prerequisite in the Assertion Based Verification (ABV) process. Traditionally, SVA formulation involves expert-driven interpretation of specifications, which is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Bhabesh Mali , Karthik Maddala , Vatsal Gupta , Sweeya Reddy , Chandan Karfa , Ramesh Karri

Recent benchmarks have probed factual consistency and rhetorical robustness in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, a knowledge gap exists regarding how directional framing of factually true statements influences model agreement, a common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jaeho Lee , Atharv Chowdhary

SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs) are essential for verifying Register Transfer Level (RTL) designs, as they can be embedded into key functional paths to detect unintended behaviours. During simulation, assertion failures occur when the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jie Zhou , Youshu Ji , Ning Wang , Yuchen Hu , Xinyao Jiao , Bingkun Yao , Xinwei Fang , Shuai Zhao , Nan Guan , Zhe Jiang

Hardware verification is crucial in modern SoC design, consuming around 70% of development time. SystemVerilog assertions ensure correct functionality. However, existing industrial practices rely on manual efforts for assertion generation,…

SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) are essential for formal verification of digital hardware, yet their manual creation demands significant expertise in both the design under verification and temporal logic. Recent studies have explored using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Nowfel Mashnoor , Hadi Kamali , Kimia Azar

Validation is a central activity when developing formal specifications. Similarly to coding, a possible validation technique is to define upfront test cases or scenarios that a future specification should satisfy or not. Unfortunately,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Alcino Cunha , Nuno Macedo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are computational models capable of performing complex natural language processing tasks. Leveraging these capabilities, LLMs hold the potential to transform the entire hardware design stack, with predictions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Mubashir ul Islam , Humza Sami , Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon , Valerio Tenace

Verification is one of the central tasks in circuit and system design. While simulation and emulation are widely used, complete correctness can only be ensured based on formal proof techniques. But these approaches often have very high run…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Rolf Drechsler

The paper studies how code generation by LLMs can be combined with formal verification to produce critical embedded software. The first contribution is a general framework, spec2code, in which LLMs are combined with different types of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Minal Suresh Patil , Gustav Ung , Mattias Nyberg

Recent advancements in the field of reasoning using Large Language Models (LLMs) have created new possibilities for more complex and automatic Hardware Assertion Generation techniques. This paper introduces SANGAM, a SystemVerilog Assertion…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Adarsh Gupta , Bhabesh Mali , Chandan Karfa

Formal Verification (FV) relies on high-quality SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs), but the manual writing process is slow and error-prone. Existing LLM-based approaches either generate assertions from scratch or ignore structural patterns in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Saeid Rajabi , Chengmo Yang , Satwik Patnaik

Verifying hardware designs in embedded systems is crucial but often labor-intensive and time-consuming. While existing solutions have improved automation, they frequently rely on unrealistic assumptions. To address these challenges, we…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Yuchen Hu , Junhao Ye , Ke Xu , Jialin Sun , Shiyue Zhang , Xinyao Jiao , Dingrong Pan , Jie Zhou , Ning Wang , Weiwei Shan , Xinwei Fang , Xi Wang , Nan Guan , Zhe Jiang

Assertion messages significantly enhance unit tests by clearly explaining the reasons behind test failures, yet they are frequently omitted by developers and automated test-generation tools. Despite recent advancements, Large Language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ahmed Aljohani , Anamul Haque Mollah , Hyunsook Do

Recent work has shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) are not only a suitable tool for code generation but also capable of generating annotation-based code specifications. Scaling these methodologies may allow us to deduce provable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Samuel Teuber , Bernhard Beckert

Assertion-based Verification (ABV) is essential for ensuring that hardware designs conform to their intended specifications. However, existing automated assertion-generation approaches, such as LLM-based frameworks, often generate large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Hongqin Lyu , Yonghao Wang , Zhiteng Chao , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

Hardware design verification (DV) is a process that checks the functional equivalence of a hardware design against its specifications, improving hardware reliability and robustness. A key task in the DV process is the test stimuli…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Zixi Zhang , Balint Szekely , Pedro Gimenes , Greg Chadwick , Hugo McNally , Jianyi Cheng , Robert Mullins , Yiren Zhao

Program verifiers such as Dafny automate proofs by outsourcing them to an SMT solver. This automation is not perfect, however, and the solver often requires hints in the form of assertions, creating a burden for the proof engineer. In this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Eric Mugnier , Emmanuel Anaya Gonzalez , Ranjit Jhala , Nadia Polikarpova , Yuanyuan Zhou

Recent frontier large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in identifying security vulnerabilities in large, mature open-source systems. As LLM-generated code becomes increasingly common, a natural goal is to prevent such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zhaorui Li , Chengyu Song

Formal specifications are crucial for building verifiable and dependable software systems, yet generating accurate and verifiable specifications for real-world C programs remains challenging. This paper presents an empirical evaluation of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Arshad Beg , Diarmuid O'Donoghue , Rosemary Monahan