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The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has paved the way for AI search engines, e.g., SearchGPT, showcasing a new paradigm in human-internet interaction. However, most current AI search engines are limited to text-only settings,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Dongzhi Jiang , Renrui Zhang , Ziyu Guo , Yanmin Wu , Jiayi Lei , Pengshuo Qiu , Pan Lu , Zehui Chen , Chaoyou Fu , Guanglu Song , Peng Gao , Yu Liu , Chunyuan Li , Hongsheng Li

Reward models (RMs) are essential for training large language models (LLMs), but remain underexplored for omni models that handle interleaved image and text sequences. We introduce Multimodal RewardBench 2 (MMRB2), the first comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yushi Hu , Reyhane Askari-Hemmat , Melissa Hall , Emily Dinan , Luke Zettlemoyer , Marjan Ghazvininejad

Evaluation of foundation models often rely on aggregate scores from benchmarks that lack comprehensive coverage and metadata for a fine-grained evaluation. We introduce a framework for automated benchmark generation. Our framework generates…

The advances of large foundation models necessitate wide-coverage, low-cost, and zero-contamination benchmarks. Despite continuous exploration of language model evaluations, comprehensive studies on the evaluation of Large Multi-modal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Kaichen Zhang , Bo Li , Peiyuan Zhang , Fanyi Pu , Joshua Adrian Cahyono , Kairui Hu , Shuai Liu , Yuanhan Zhang , Jingkang Yang , Chunyuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Adaptive multimodal reasoning has emerged as a promising frontier in Vision-Language Models (VLMs), aiming to dynamically modulate between tool-augmented visual reasoning and text reasoning to enhance both effectiveness and efficiency.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Xintong Zhang , Xiaowen Zhang , Jingrong Wu , Zhi Gao , Shilin Yan , Zhenxin Diao , Kunpeng Gao , Xuanyan Chen , Yuwei Wu , Yunde Jia , Qing Li

Natural language processing evaluation has made significant progress, largely driven by the proliferation of powerful large language mod-els (LLMs). New evaluation benchmarks are of increasing priority as the reasoning capabilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Joseph J. Peper , Wenzhao Qiu , Ali Payani , Lu Wang

Tool-using agents are increasingly expected to operate across realistic professional workflows, where they must interpret multimodal inputs, coordinate external tools, inspect intermediate artifacts, and revise their actions before…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhiqiang Liu , Wenhui Dong , Yilang Tan , Yuwen Qu , Haochen Yin , Chenyang Si

Diffusion models have exhibited substantial success in text-to-image generation. However, they often encounter challenges when dealing with complex and dense prompts involving multiple objects, attribute binding, and long descriptions. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Mushui Liu , Yuhang Ma , Yang Zhen , Jun Dan , Yunlong Yu , Zeng Zhao , Zhipeng Hu , Bai Liu , Changjie Fan

We present MM1.5, a new family of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) designed to enhance capabilities in text-rich image understanding, visual referring and grounding, and multi-image reasoning. Building upon the MM1 architecture,…

We propose a method to fuse frozen text-only large language models (LLMs) with pre-trained image encoder and decoder models, by mapping between their embedding spaces. Our model demonstrates a wide suite of multimodal capabilities: image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Jing Yu Koh , Daniel Fried , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant progress in integrating visual and linguistic understanding. Existing benchmarks typically focus on high-level semantic capabilities, such as scene understanding and visual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shangyu Xing , Changhao Xiang , Yuteng Han , Yifan Yue , Zhen Wu , Xinyu Liu , Zhangtai Wu , Fei Zhao , Xinyu Dai

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have achieved remarkable success across various visual-language tasks. However, existing benchmarks predominantly focus on single-image understanding, leaving the analysis of image sequences largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Xiaochen Wang , Heming Xia , Jialin Song , Longyu Guan , Yixin Yang , Qingxiu Dong , Weiyao Luo , Yifan Pu , Yiru Wang , Xiangdi Meng , Wenjie Li , Zhifang Sui

Driven by the remarkable progress in diffusion models, text-to-image generation has made significant strides, creating a pressing demand for automatic quality evaluation of generated images. Current state-of-the-art automatic evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Rong-Cheng Tu , Zi-Ao Ma , Tian Lan , Yuehao Zhao , Heyan Huang , Xian-Ling Mao

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated significant advances in visual understanding tasks involving both images and videos. However, their capacity to comprehend human-centric video data remains underexplored, primarily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuxuan Cai , Jiangning Zhang , Zhenye Gan , Qingdong He , Xiaobin Hu , Junwei Zhu , Yabiao Wang , Chengjie Wang , Zhucun Xue , Chaoyou Fu , Xinwei He , Xiang Bai

While text-to-image models like DALLE-3 and Stable Diffusion are rapidly proliferating, they often encounter challenges such as hallucination, bias, and the production of unsafe, low-quality output. To effectively address these issues, it…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance on mathematical reasoning under well-defined conditions. However, real-world engineering problems involve uncertainty, context, and open-ended settings that extend beyond symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xiyuan Zhou , Xinlei Wang , Yirui He , Yang Wu , Ruixi Zou , Yuheng Cheng , Yulu Xie , Wenxuan Liu , Huan Zhao , Yan Xu , Jinjin Gu , Junhua Zhao

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in multimodal understanding and generation, pushing forward advancements in text-to-image generation. However, achieving accurate text-image alignment for LMMs,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Leigang Qu , Haochuan Li , Wenjie Wang , Xiang Liu , Juncheng Li , Liqiang Nie , Tat-Seng Chua

Can Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) develop an intuitive number sense similar to humans? Targeting this problem, we introduce Visual Number Benchmark (VisNumBench) to evaluate the number sense abilities of MLLMs across a wide range…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Tengjin Weng , Jingyi Wang , Wenhao Jiang , Zhong Ming

Recent years have witnessed a significant interest in developing large multimodal models (LMMs) capable of performing various visual reasoning and understanding tasks. This has led to the introduction of multiple LMM benchmarks to evaluate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Sara Ghaboura , Ahmed Heakl , Omkar Thawakar , Ali Alharthi , Ines Riahi , Abduljalil Saif , Jorma Laaksonen , Fahad S. Khan , Salman Khan , Rao M. Anwer

Recent advancements in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have aimed to integrate and interpret data across diverse modalities. However, the capacity of these models to concurrently process and reason about multiple modalities remains…