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Back injuries are the most prevalent work-related musculoskeletal disorders and represent a major cause of disability. Although innovations in wearable robots aim to alleviate this hazard, the majority of existing exoskeletons are obtrusive…

Limbless terrestrial animals exhibit exceptional locomotor versatility and control, currently unmatched by engineered counterparts. Here, we introduce a computational framework that enables soft synthetic snakes to navigate unstructured,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaotian Zhang , Ali Albazroun , Tixian Wang , Songyuan Cui , Prashant G. Mehta , Mattia Gazzola

In nature, a variety of limbless locomotion patterns flourish from the small or basic life form (Escherichia coli, the amoeba, etc.) to the large or intelligent creatures (e.g., slugs, starfishes, earthworms, octopuses, jellyfishes, and…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-11-29 Liangliang Zhu , Yunteng Cao , Yilun Liu , Zhe Yang , Xi Chen

Soft robot serial chain manipulators with the capability for growth, stiffness control, and discrete joints have the potential to approach the dexterity of traditional robot arms, while improving safety, lowering cost, and providing an…

Soft robots have demonstrated superior flexibility and functionality than conventional rigid robots. These versatile devices can respond to a wide range of external stimuli (including light, magnetic field, heat, electric field, etc.), and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Jiaqi Miao , Siqi Sun

Soft robots - due to their intrinsic flexibility of the body - can adaptively navigate unstructured environments. One of the most popular locomotion gaits that has been implemented in soft robots is undulation. The undulation motion in soft…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Tung D. Ta

Living organisms intertwine soft (e.g., muscle) and hard (e.g., bones) materials, giving them an intrinsic flexibility and resiliency often lacking in conventional rigid robots. The emerging field of soft robotics seeks to harness these…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-02-21 John Rieffel , Jean-Baptiste Mouret

Limbless creatures can crawl on flat surfaces by deforming their bodies and interacting with asperities on the ground, offering a biological blueprint for designing efficient limbless robots. Inspired by this natural locomotion, we present…

Spider monkeys (genus Ateles) have a prehensile tail that functions as a flexible, multipurpose fifth limb, enabling them to navigate complex terrains, grasp objects of various sizes, and swing between supports. Inspired by the spider…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Mary C. Doerfler , Katalin Schäffer , Margaret M. Coad

The wheeled three-link snake robot is a well-known example of an underactuated system modelled using nonholonomic constraints, preventing lateral slippage (skid) of the wheels. A kinematically controlled configuration assumes that both…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Leonid Raz , Yizhar Or

We present an open-source untethered quadrupedal soft robot platform for dynamic locomotion (e.g., high-speed running and backflipping). The robot is mostly soft (80 vol.%) while driven by four geared servo motors. The robot's soft body and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Boxi Xia , Jiaming Fu , Hongbo Zhu , Zhicheng Song , Yibo Jiang , Hod Lipson

Multimodal locomotion is crucial for an animal's adaptability in unstructured wild environments. Similarly, in the human gastrointestinal tract, characterized by viscoelastic mucus, complex rugae, and narrow sphincters like the cardia,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Zhihao Lv , Xiaoyong Zhang , Mengfan Zhang , Xiaoyu Song , Xingyue Liu , Yide Liu , Shaoxing Qu , Guoyong Mao

We developed a new class of soft locomotive robots that can self-assemble into a preprogrammed configuration and vary their stiffness afterward in a highly integrated, compact body using contracting-cord particle jamming (CCPJ). We…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Wenzhong Yan , Brian Ye , Mingxi Li , Jonathan B. Hopkins , Ankur Mehta

Exploring and navigating in extreme environments, such as caves, oceans, and planetary bodies, are often too hazardous for humans, and as such, robots are possible surrogates. These robots are met with significant locomotion challenges that…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Florian Richter , Peter V. Gavrilov , Hoi Man Lam , Amir Degani , Michael C. Yip

Robotic manipulators, traditionally designed with classical joint-link articulated structures, excel in industrial applications but face challenges in human-centered and general-purpose tasks requiring greater dexterity and adaptability. To…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Jianshu Zhou , Junda Huang , Boyuan Liang , Xiang Zhang , Xin Ma , Masayoshi Tomizuka

Snake robots are inspired by the ability of biological snakes to move over rock, grass, leaves, soil, up trees, along pavement and more. Their ability to move in multiple distinct environments is due to their legless locomotion strategy,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Umit Sen , Andri Mahegan , Gina Olson

In this paper, we present a new locomotion control method for soft robot snakes. Inspired by biological snakes, our control architecture is composed of two key modules: A deep reinforcement learning (RL) module for achieving adaptive…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Xuan Liu , Renato Gasoto , Cagdas Onal , Jie Fu

In this work we present a framework that is capable of accurately representing soft robotic actuators in a multiphysics environment in real-time. We propose a constraint-based dynamics model of a 1-dimensional pneumatic soft actuator that…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-04-08 Renato Gasoto , Miles Macklin , Xuan Liu , Yinan Sun , Kenny Erleben , Cagdas Onal , Jie Fu

Soft robots, compared to rigid robots, possess inherent advantages, including higher degrees of freedom, compliance, and enhanced safety, which have contributed to their increasing application across various fields. Among these benefits,…

Legged locomotion is a highly promising but under-researched subfield within the field of soft robotics. The compliant limbs of soft-limbed robots offer numerous benefits, including the ability to regulate impacts, tolerate falls, and…