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While Large Language Model (LLM) multi-agent systems (MAS) offer a transformative approach to simulating human behavior in complex systems, it remains largely unexplored whether these simulations can replicate realistic structural and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Siqi Miao , Ziyang Chen , Yuhong Luo , Hans Hao-Hsun Hsu , Mufei Li , Kaiqing Zhang , Pan Li

Email is a channel of communication which is considered to be a confidential medium of communication for exchange of information among individuals and organisations. The confidentiality consideration about e-mail is no longer the case as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Nmachi Peace Wosah , Thomas Win

Phishing emails continue to pose a persistent challenge to online communication, exploiting human trust and evading automated filters through realistic language and adaptive tactics. While large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Daniyal Ganiuly , Assel Smaiyl

With the rapid development of technology and the acceleration of digitalisation, the frequency and complexity of cyber security threats are increasing. Traditional cybersecurity approaches, often based on static rules and predefined…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Shuang Tian , Tao Zhang , Jiqiang Liu , Jiacheng Wang , Xuangou Wu , Xiaoqiang Zhu , Ruichen Zhang , Weiting Zhang , Zhenhui Yuan , Shiwen Mao , Dong In Kim

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened up new opportunities for leveraging artificial intelligence in a variety of application domains, including cybersecurity. As the volume and sophistication of cyber threats…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hanxiang Xu , Shenao Wang , Ningke Li , Kailong Wang , Yanjie Zhao , Kai Chen , Ting Yu , Yang Liu , Haoyu Wang

Phishing is one of the most effective ways in which cybercriminals get sensitive details such as credentials for online banking, digital wallets, state secrets, and many more from potential victims. They do this by spamming users with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Tosin Ige , Christopher Kiekintveld , Aritran Piplai , Amy Waggler , Olukunle Kolade , Bolanle Hafiz Matti

Phishing remains a persistent cybersecurity threat; however, developing scalable and effective user training is labor-intensive and challenging to maintain. Generative Artificial Intelligence offers an interesting opportunity, but empirical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Francesco Greco , Giuseppe Desolda , Cesare Tucci , Andrea Esposito , Antonio Curci , Antonio Piccinno

The rapid adoption of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) in offline and enterprise environments has introduced a largely unexamined security risk like susceptibility to adversarial phishing prompts under static safety configurations.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Rina Mishra , Gaurav Varshney , Doddipatla Sesha Sahithi

The increase in the number of phishing demands innovative solutions to safeguard users from phishing attacks. This study explores the development and utilization of a real-time browser extension integrated with machine learning model to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Akshaya Arun , Nasr Abosata

Phishing attacks trick victims into disclosing sensitive information. To counter rapidly evolving attacks, we must explore machine learning and deep learning models leveraging large-scale data. We discuss models built on different kinds of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Dinil Mon Divakaran , Adam Oest

The increasing reliance on smartphones for communication, financial transactions, and personal data management has made them prime targets for cyberattacks, particularly smishing, a sophisticated variant of phishing conducted via SMS.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Diksha Goel , Hussain Ahmad , Ankit Kumar Jain , Nikhil Kumar Goel

Developments in artificial intelligence (AI) are likely to affect social engineering and change cyber defense operations. The broad and sweeping nature of AI impact means that many aspects of social engineering could be automated,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Krystal A. Jackson

Identifying deceptive content like phishing emails demands sophisticated cognitive processes that combine pattern recognition, confidence assessment, and contextual analysis. This research examines how human cognition and machine learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Paras Jain , Khushi Dhar , Olyemi E. Amujo , Esa M. Rantanen

The advanced capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have made them invaluable across various applications, from conversational agents and content creation to data analysis, research, and innovation. However, their effectiveness and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Sayak Saha Roy , Poojitha Thota , Krishna Vamsi Naragam , Shirin Nilizadeh

Phishing is the combination of social engineering and technical exploits designed to convince a victim to provide personal information, usually for the monetary gain of the attacker. Phishing has become the most popular practice among the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-10-04 Aanchal Jain , Vineet Richariya

Phishing continues to be one of the most prevalent attack vectors, making accurate classification of phishing URLs essential. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising results in phishing URL detection. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Holly Trikilis , Pasindu Marasinghe , Fariza Rashid , Suranga Seneviratne

Phishing is an increasingly sophisticated form of cyberattack that is inflicting huge financial damage to corporations throughout the globe while also jeopardizing individuals' privacy. Attackers are constantly devising new methods of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Asif Newaz , Farhan Shahriyar Haq , Nadim Ahmed

Anomalies in emails such as phishing and spam present major security risks such as the loss of privacy, money, and brand reputation to both individuals and organizations. Previous studies on email anomaly detection relied on a single type…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Craig Beaman , Haruna Isah

One of the biggest problems with the Internet technology is the unwanted spam emails. The well disguised phishing email comes in as part of the spam and makes its entry into the inbox quite frequently nowadays. While phishing is normally…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-10-20 B. Issac , R. Chiong , S. M. Jacob

Traditional phishing detection often overlooks psychological manipulation. This study investigates using Large Language Model (LLM) In-Context Learning (ICL) for fine-grained classification of phishing emails based on a taxonomy of 40…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Antony Dalmiere , Guillaume Auriol , Vincent Nicomette , Pascal Marchand