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Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluation is a patchy and inconsistent landscape, and it is becoming clear that the quality of automatic evaluation metrics is not keeping up with the pace of development of generative models. We aim to improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Andrea Sottana , Bin Liang , Kai Zou , Zheng Yuan

The adaptation of Large Language Models like ChatGPT for information retrieval from scientific data, software and publications is offering new opportunities to simplify access to and understanding of science for persons from all levels of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-01-14 Jutta Schnabel

Given the growing importance of AI literacy, we decided to write this tutorial to help narrow the gap between the discourse among those who study language models -- the core technology underlying ChatGPT and similar products -- and those…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Sofia Serrano , Zander Brumbaugh , Noah A. Smith

Conversational large-language models are extensively used for issue resolution tasks. However, not all developer-LLM conversations are useful for effective issue resolution. In this paper, we analyze 686 developer-ChatGPT conversations…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ramtin Ehsani , Sakshi Pathak , Esteban Parra , Sonia Haiduc , Preetha Chatterjee

Large language models (LLMs) with chat-based capabilities, such as ChatGPT, are widely used in various workflows. However, due to a limited understanding of these large-scale models, users struggle to use this technology and experience…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yoonsu Kim , Jueon Lee , Seoyoung Kim , Jaehyuk Park , Juho Kim

There is a rapidly growing number of large language models (LLMs) that users can query for a fee. We review the cost associated with querying popular LLM APIs, e.g. GPT-4, ChatGPT, J1-Jumbo, and find that these models have heterogeneous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Lingjiao Chen , Matei Zaharia , James Zou

Adapting questionnaires to new languages is a resource-intensive process often requiring the hiring of multiple independent translators, which limits the ability of researchers to conduct cross-cultural research and effectively creates…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Otso Haavisto , Robin Welsch

Retrieval-based chatbots leverage human-verified Q\&A knowledge to deliver accurate, verifiable responses, making them ideal for customer-centric applications where compliance with regulatory and operational standards is critical. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Mengze Hong , Chen Jason Zhang , Di Jiang , Yuanqin He

In the current era, a multitude of language models has emerged to cater to user inquiries. Notably, the GPT-3.5 Turbo language model has gained substantial attention as the underlying technology for ChatGPT. Leveraging extensive parameters,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Hossein Bahak , Farzaneh Taheri , Zahra Zojaji , Arefeh Kazemi

Text summarization has been a crucial problem in natural language processing (NLP) for several decades. It aims to condense lengthy documents into shorter versions while retaining the most critical information. Various methods have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Xianjun Yang , Yan Li , Xinlu Zhang , Haifeng Chen , Wei Cheng

ChatGPT has become a global sensation. As ChatGPT and other Large Language Models (LLMs) emerge, concerns of misusing them in various ways increase, such as disseminating fake news, plagiarism, manipulating public opinion, cheating, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Alessandro Pegoraro , Kavita Kumari , Hossein Fereidooni , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi

Usability testing is a fundamental research method that user experience (UX) researchers use to evaluate and iterate their new designs. But what about evaluating and iterating the usability testing study design itself? Recent advances in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yuxuan Lu , Bingsheng Yao , Hansu Gu , Jing Huang , Jessie Wang , Yang Li , Jiri Gesi , Qi He , Toby Jia-Jun Li , Dakuo Wang

The utilisation of AI-driven tools, notably ChatGPT, within academic research is increasingly debated from several perspectives including ease of implementation, and potential enhancements in research efficiency, as against ethical concerns…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Aleksei Turobov , Diane Coyle , Verity Harding

Generative AI systems such as ChatGPT and Claude are built upon language models that are typically evaluated for accuracy on curated benchmark datasets. Such evaluation paradigms measure predictive and reasoning capabilities of language…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Shreya Rajagopal , Jae Ho Sohn , Hari Subramonyam , Shiwali Mohan

By means of pilot experiments for the language pair German and Galician, this paper examines the concept of efficiency and intelligence in lexicography and artificial intelligence, AI. The aim of the experiments is to gain empirically and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Ivan Arias-Arias , Maria Jose Dominguez Vazquez , Carlos Valcarcel Riveiro

We present an overview of the complex systems field using ChatGPT as a representation of the community's understanding. ChatGPT has learned language patterns and styles from a large dataset of internet texts, allowing it to provide answers…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-04-12 Nuno Crokidakis , Marcio Argollo de Menezes , Daniel O. Cajueiro

Generative AI tools, such as ChatGPT and Midjourney, are transforming artistic creation as AI-art integration advances. However, Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) tools face user experience challenges, necessitating a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Hanjie Yu , Yan Dong , Qiong Wu

We investigate the mathematical capabilities of two iterations of ChatGPT (released 9-January-2023 and 30-January-2023) and of GPT-4 by testing them on publicly available datasets, as well as hand-crafted ones, using a novel methodology. In…

AI can now generate high-fidelity UI mock-up screens from a high-level textual description, promising to support UX practitioners' work. However, it remains unclear how UX practitioners would adopt such Generative UI (GenUI) models in a way…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Xiang 'Anthony' Chen , Tiffany Knearem , Yang Li

Background: Over the past few decades, the process and methodology of automated question generation (AQG) have undergone significant transformations. Recent progress in generative natural language models has opened up new potential in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Dominic Lohr , Marc Berges , Abhishek Chugh , Michael Kohlhase , Dennis Müller