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Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences has become essential for safe and beneficial AI deployment. While Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) established the dominant paradigm, a proliferation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tarun Raheja , Nilay Pochhi

Large language models (LLMs) generally utilize a consistent data distribution throughout the pretraining process. However, as the model's capability improves, it is intuitive that its data preferences dynamically change, indicating the need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Xuemiao Zhang , Liangyu Xu , Feiyu Duan , Yongwei Zhou , Sirui Wang , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai

Recent works have shown promising results of prompt tuning in stimulating pre-trained language models (PLMs) for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, to the best of our knowledge, existing works focus on prompt-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Yuan Yao , Bowen Dong , Ao Zhang , Zhengyan Zhang , Ruobing Xie , Zhiyuan Liu , Leyu Lin , Maosong Sun , Jianyong Wang

It is crucial for large language models (LLMs) to follow instructions that involve multiple constraints. However, it is an unexplored area to enhance LLMs' ability to follow soft constraints. To bridge the gap, we initially design a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Qingyu Ren , Jie Zeng , Qianyu He , Jiaqing Liang , Yanghua Xiao , Weikang Zhou , Zeye Sun , Fei Yu

In this article, we investigate the alignment of Large Language Models according to human preferences. We discuss the features of training a Preference Model, which simulates human preferences, and the methods and details we found essential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Alexey Kutalev , Sergei Markoff

Preference optimization methods such as DPO and KTO are widely used for aligning language models, yet little is understood about what properties of preference data drive downstream reasoning gains. We ask: what aspects of a preference pair…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Chia-Hsuan Lee , Mingyang Zhou , Renkun Ni , Zelei Cheng , Sihui Dai , Supriyo Chakraborty , Shixiong Zhang , Sambit Sahu , William Campbell

Aligning large language models (LLMs) is a central objective of post-training, often achieved through reward modeling and reinforcement learning methods. Among these, direct preference optimization (DPO) has emerged as a widely adopted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Aladin Djuhera , Farhan Ahmed , Swanand Ravindra Kadhe , Syed Zawad , Heiko Ludwig , Holger Boche

Aligning large language models with human preferences is critical for creating reliable and controllable AI systems. A human preference can be visualized as a high-dimensional vector where different directions represent trade-offs between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Ruochen Mao , Yuling Shi , Xiaodong Gu , Jiaheng Wei

Aligning large-scale text-to-image diffusion models with nuanced human preferences remains challenging. While direct preference optimization (DPO) is simple and effective, large-scale finetuning often shows a generalization gap. We take…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Zhou Jiang , Yandong Wen , Zhen Liu

Instruction data selection aims to identify a high-quality subset from the training set that matches or exceeds the performance of the full dataset on target tasks. Existing methods focus on the instruction-to-response mapping, but neglect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Wenya Guo , Zhengkun Zhang , Xumeng Liu , Ying Zhang , Ziyu Lu , Haoze Zhu , Xubo Liu , Ruxue Yan

The emergence of generative models enables the creation of texts and images tailored to users' preferences. Existing personalized generative models have two critical limitations: lacking a dedicated paradigm for accurate preference…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Yuting Zhang , Ying Sun , Dazhong Shen , Ziwei Xie , Feng Liu , Changwang Zhang , Xiang Liu , Jun Wang , Hui Xiong

This paper investigates various approaches using Large Language Models (LLMs) to identify gaps and misconceptions in students' self-explanations of specific instructional material, in our case explanations of code examples. This research is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Priti Oli , Rabin Banjade , Andrew M. Olney , Vasile Rus

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has emerged as a simple and effective approach for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences, bypassing the need for a learned reward model. Despite its growing adoption, a fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yu Pan , Zhongze Cai , Guanting Chen , Huaiyang Zhong , Chonghuan Wang

Direct preference optimization (DPO) is a successful fine-tuning strategy for aligning large language models with human preferences without the need to train a reward model or employ reinforcement learning. DPO, as originally formulated,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Afra Amini , Tim Vieira , Ryan Cotterell

Recently, there has been significant interest in replacing the reward model in Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) and its variants. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Jian Li , Haojing Huang , Yujia Zhang , Pengfei Xu , Xi Chen , Rui Song , Lida Shi , Jingwen Wang , Hao Xu

The dominant framework for alignment of large language models (LLM), whether through reinforcement learning from human feedback or direct preference optimisation, is to learn from preference data. This involves building datasets where each…

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) to align with human preferences has driven the success of systems such as Gemini and ChatGPT. However, approaches like Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) remain computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Miria Feng , Mert Pilanci

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a method for enhancing model performance by directly optimizing for the preferences or rankings of outcomes, instead of traditional loss functions. This approach has proven effective in aligning Large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Ruoyu Wang , Jiachen Sun , Shaowei Hua , Quan Fang

Automatic text simplification (ATS) aims to enhance language accessibility for various target groups, particularly persons with intellectual disabilities. Recent advancements in generative AI, especially large language models (LLMs), have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yingqiang Gao , Kaede Johnson , David Froehlich , Luisa Carrer , Sarah Ebling

Recently, enhancing the numerical and logical reasoning capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has emerged as a research hotspot. Existing methods face several limitations: inference-phase techniques (e.g., Chain of Thoughts) rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Hao Yi , Qingyang Li , Yulan Hu , Fuzheng Zhang , Di Zhang , Yong Liu
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