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The Belle II experiment will go into operation at the upgraded SuperKEKB collider in 2016. SuperKEKB is designed to deliver an instantaneous luminosity $\mathcal{L}=8\times10^{35}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$. The experiment will…

We present track reconstruction algorithms based on deep learning, tailored to overcome specific central challenges in the field of hadron physics. Two approaches are used: (i) deep learning (DL) model known as fully-connected neural…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-03-19 Adeel Akram , Xiangyang Ju , Michael Papenbrock , Jenny Taylor , Tobias Stockmanns , Karin Schönning

Multiple instance learning (MIL) aims to learn the mapping between a bag of instances and the bag-level label. In this paper, we propose a new end-to-end graph neural network (GNN) based algorithm for MIL: we treat each bag as a graph and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Ming Tu , Jing Huang , Xiaodong He , Bowen Zhou

Particle track reconstruction is the most computationally intensive process in nuclear physics experiments. Traditional algorithms use a combinatorial approach that exhaustively tests track measurements ("hits") to identify those that form…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Polykarpos Thomadakis , Angelos Angelopoulos , Gagik Gavalian , Nikos Chrisochoides

We present an end-to-end reconstruction algorithm to build particle candidates from detector hits in next-generation granular calorimeters similar to that foreseen for the high-luminosity upgrade of the CMS detector. The algorithm exploits…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-10-03 Shah Rukh Qasim , Nadezda Chernyavskaya , Jan Kieseler , Kenneth Long , Oleksandr Viazlo , Maurizio Pierini , Raheel Nawaz

Future collider experiments require unprecedented precision in measurements of Higgs, electroweak, and flavour observables, placing stringent demands on event reconstruction. The achievable precision on Higgs couplings scales directly with…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2026-03-05 Dolores Garcia , Lena Herrmann , Gregor Krzmanc , Michele Selvaggi

High-energy physics experiments require fast and efficient methods for reconstructing the tracks of charged particles. The commonly used algorithms are sequential, and the required CPU power increases rapidly with the number of tracks.…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-12-06 Marcin Kucharczyk , Marcin Wolter

The physics reach of the HL-LHC will be limited by how efficiently the experiments can use the available computing resources, i.e. affordable software and computing are essential. The development of novel methods for charged particle…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-09-08 Catherine Biscarat , Sylvain Caillou , Charline Rougier , Jan Stark , Jad Zahreddine

Reconstructing charged particle tracks is a fundamental task in modern collider experiments. The unprecedented particle multiplicities expected at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) pose significant challenges for track…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-12-16 Samuel Van Stroud , Philippa Duckett , Max Hart , Nikita Pond , Sébastien Rettie , Gabriel Facini , Tim Scanlon

After a highly successful first data taking period at the LHC, the LHCb experiment developed a new trigger strategy with a real-time reconstruction, alignment and calibration for Run II. This strategy relies on offline-like track…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-11-23 Marian Stahl

Mitigation of beam backgrounds via collimators is critical for the success of the Belle~II experiment at the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider. We report on an improved simulation methodology, which includes a refined physical…

Accelerator Physics · Physics 2021-08-18 A. Natochii , S. E. Vahsen , H. Nakayama , T. Ishibashi , S. Terui

A novel combination of established data analysis techniques for reconstructing all charged-particle tracks in high energy collisions is proposed. It uses all information available in a collision event while keeping competing choices open as…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-07-02 Ferenc Siklér

The application of Graph Neural Networks (GNN) in track reconstruction is a promising approach to cope with the challenges arising at the High-Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). GNNs show good track-finding…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2024-01-30 Lukas Heinrich , Benjamin Huth , Andreas Salzburger , Tilo Wettig

For the past year, the HEP.TrkX project has been investigating machine learning solutions to LHC particle track reconstruction problems. A variety of models were studied that drew inspiration from computer vision applications and operated…

Particle track reconstruction is traditionally computationally challenging due to the combinatorial nature of the tracking algorithms employed. Recent developments have focused on novel algorithms with graph neural networks (GNNs), which…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2025-06-05 Jay Chan , Brandon Wang , Paolo Calafiura

Recent work has demonstrated that geometric deep learning methods such as graph neural networks (GNNs) are well suited to address a variety of reconstruction problems in high energy particle physics. In particular, particle tracking data is…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-02-07 Gage DeZoort , Savannah Thais , Javier Duarte , Vesal Razavimaleki , Markus Atkinson , Isobel Ojalvo , Mark Neubauer , Peter Elmer

Deep learning tools are being used extensively in high energy physics and are becoming central in the reconstruction of neutrino interactions in particle detectors. In this work, we report on the performance of a graph neural network in…

We present a hardware-accelerated hit filtering system employing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) for the Belle II Level-1 Trigger. The GNN exploits spatial and temporal relationships among sense wire…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-11-10 Greta Heine , Fabio Mayer , Marc Neu , Jürgen Becker , Torben Ferber

This paper presents the results of charged particle track reconstruction in CLAS12 using artificial intelligence. In our approach, we use machine learning algorithms to reconstruct tracks, including their momentum and direction, with high…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-04-24 Gagik Gavalian

Beam dump experiments provide a distinctive opportunity to search for dark photons, which are compelling candidates for dark matter with low mass. In this study, we propose the application of Graph Neural Networks (GNN) in tracking…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2024-04-23 Zejia Lu , Xiang Chen , Jiahui Wu , Yulei Zhang , Liang Li