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In detecting malicious websites, a common approach is the use of blacklists which are not exhaustive in themselves and are unable to generalize to new malicious sites. Detecting newly encountered malicious websites automatically will help…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Adebayo Oshingbesan , Courage Ekoh , Chukwuemeka Okobi , Aime Munezero , Kagame Richard

In the growing world of the internet, the number of ways to obtain crucial data such as passwords and login credentials, as well as sensitive personal information has expanded. Page impersonation, often known as phishing, is one method of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Aman Rangapur , Tarun Kanakam , Dhanvanthini P

Phishing websites distribute unsolicited content and are frequently used to commit email and internet fraud; detecting them before any user information is submitted is critical. Several efforts have been made to detect these phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Chidimma Opara , Yingke Chen , Bo. wei

Email phishing has become more prevalent and grows more sophisticated over time. To combat this rise, many machine learning (ML) algorithms for detecting phishing emails have been developed. However, due to the limited email data sets on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Mariya Shmalko , Alsharif Abuadbba , Raj Gaire , Tingmin Wu , Hye-Young Paik , Surya Nepal

A robust and reliable system of detecting spam reviews is a crying need in todays world in order to purchase products without being cheated from online sites. In many online sites, there are options for posting reviews, and thus creating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-04 G. M. Shahariar , Swapnil Biswas , Faiza Omar , Faisal Muhammad Shah , Samiha Binte Hassan

Phishing is the simplest form of cybercrime with the objective of baiting people into giving away delicate information such as individually recognizable data, banking and credit card details, or even credentials and passwords. This type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Moitrayee Chatterjee , Akbar Siami Namin

Phishing emails are the first step for many of today's attacks. They come with a simple hyperlink, request for action or a full replica of an existing service or website. The goal is generally to trick the user to voluntarily give away his…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Suhail Paliath , Mohammad Abu Qbeitah , Monther Aldwairi

Cybersecurity attacks are growing both in frequency and sophistication over the years. This increasing sophistication and complexity call for more advancement and continuous innovation in defensive strategies. Traditional methods of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-20 Antoine Delplace , Sheryl Hermoso , Kristofer Anandita

Phishing is one of the most effective ways in which cybercriminals get sensitive details such as credentials for online banking, digital wallets, state secrets, and many more from potential victims. They do this by spamming users with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Tosin Ige , Christopher Kiekintveld , Aritran Piplai , Amy Waggler , Olukunle Kolade , Bolanle Hafiz Matti

Phishing websites pose a major cybersecurity threat, exploiting unsuspecting users and causing significant financial and organisational harm. Traditional machine learning approaches for phishing detection often require extensive feature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Georg Goldenits , Philip Koenig , Sebastian Raubitzek , Andreas Ekelhart

Anomalies in emails such as phishing and spam present major security risks such as the loss of privacy, money, and brand reputation to both individuals and organizations. Previous studies on email anomaly detection relied on a single type…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Craig Beaman , Haruna Isah

Cyber security can be enhanced through application of machine learning by recasting network attack data into an image format, then applying supervised computer vision and other machine learning techniques to detect malicious specimens.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Erik Larsen , Korey MacVittie , John Lilly

Spam messages continue to present significant challenges to digital users, cluttering inboxes and posing security risks. Traditional spam detection methods, including rules-based, collaborative, and machine learning approaches, struggle to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Qiyao Tang , Xiangyang Li

The problem of detecting phishing emails through machine learning techniques has been discussed extensively in the literature. Conventional and state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms have demonstrated the possibility of building…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Luis Felipe Gutiérrez , Faranak Abri , Miriam Armstrong , Akbar Siami Namin , Keith S. Jones

Malicious URLs remain a primary vector for phishing, malware, and cyberthreats. This study proposes a hybrid deep learning framework combining \texttt{HashingVectorizer} n-gram analysis, SMOTE balancing, Isolation Forest anomaly filtering,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Berkani Khaled , Zeraoulia Rafik

Phishing emails pose a persistent and increasingly sophisticated threat, undermining email security through deceptive tactics designed to exploit both semantic and structural vulnerabilities. Traditional detection methods, often based on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Ibrahim Altan , Abdulla Bachir , Yousuf Parbhulkar , Abdul Muksith Rizvi , Moshiur Farazi

Phishing attacks remain a significant threat to modern cybersecurity, as they successfully deceive both humans and the defense mechanisms intended to protect them. Traditional detection systems primarily focus on email metadata that users…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Even Eilertsen , Vasileios Mavroeidis , Gudmund Grov

Phishing attacks are becoming increasingly sophisticated, underscoring the need for detection systems that strike a balance between high accuracy and computational efficiency. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Jikesh Thapa , Gurrehmat Chahal , Serban Voinea Gabreanu , Yazan Otoum

The proliferation of malicious URLs has become a significant threat to internet security, encompassing SPAM, phishing, malware, and defacement attacks. Traditional detection methods struggle to keep pace with the evolving nature of these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Swetha T , Seshaiah M , Hemalatha KL , ManjunathaKumar BH , Murthy SVN

Spam filters are a crucial component of modern email systems, as they help to protect users from unwanted and potentially harmful emails. However, the effectiveness of these filters is dependent on the quality of the machine learning models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Swagnik Roychoudhury , Akshaj Kumar Veldanda