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Kronecker product kernel provides the standard approach in the kernel methods literature for learning from graph data, where edges are labeled and both start and end vertices have their own feature representations. The methods allow…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-07 Antti Airola , Tapio Pahikkala

We investigate the computational complexity of the graph primality testing problem with respect to the direct product (also known as Kronecker, cardinal or tensor product). In [1] Imrich proves that both primality testing and a unique prime…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Luca Calderoni , Luciano Margara , Moreno Marzolla

We propose a classification of polyhedra (planar, $3$-connected graphs) according to their type i.e., their set of quantities of common neighbours for each pair of distinct vertices. For every (finite) set of non-negative integers, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-05 Riccardo W. Maffucci

The thickness of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of planar subgraphs whose union is $G$. In this paper, we present sharp lower and upper bounds for the thickness of the Kronecker product $G\times H$ of two graphs $G$ and $H$. We also give…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-01-25 Xia Guo , Yan Yang

The prism over a graph $G$ is the Cartesian product of $G$ with the complete graph $K_2$. A graph $G$ is hamiltonian if there exists a spanning cycle in $G$, and $G$ is prism-hamiltonian if the prism over $G$ is hamiltonian. In…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-06-18 Simon Spacapan

Product structure theorems are a collection of recent results that have been used to resolve a number of longstanding open problems on planar graphs and related graph classes. One particularly useful version states that every planar graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-17 Vida Dujmović , Gwenaël Joret , Piotr Micek , Pat Morin , David R. Wood

Graph products of monoids provide a common framework for direct and free products, and graph monoids (also known as free partially commutative monoids). If the monoids in question are groups, then any graph product is, of course, a group.…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2022-11-23 Yang Dandan , Victoria Gould

Several variants of hypergraph products have been introduced as generalizations of the strong and direct products of graphs. Here we show that only some of them are associative. In addition to the Cartesian product, these are the minimal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-11-24 Richard H. Hammack , Marc Hellmuth , Lydia Ostermeier , Peter F. Stadler

A graph is reducible if it is the lexicographic product of two smaller non-trivial graphs. It is well-known a 1-planar graph with $n ~(\ge3)$ vertices has at most $4n-8$ edges, and a graph $G$ with $n$ vertices is optimal if $G$ has exactly…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-20 Licheng Zhang , Yuanqiu Huang

Dujmovi\'{c}, Joret, Micek, Morin, Ueckerdt, and Wood [J. ACM 2020] established that every planar graph is a subgraph of the strong product of a graph with bounded treewidth and a path. Motivated by this result, this paper systematically…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-10-05 Robert Hickingbotham , David R. Wood

Stochastic Kronecker graphs are a model for complex networks where each edge is present independently according the Kronecker (tensor) product of a fixed matrix k-by-k matrix P with entries in [0,1]. We develop a novel correspondence…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-04-02 Mary Radcliffe , Stephen J. Young

A graph class $\mathcal{G}$ admits product structure if there exists a constant $k$ such that every $G \in \mathcal{G}$ is a subgraph of $H \boxtimes P$ for a path $P$ and some graph $H$ of treewidth $k$. Famously, the class of planar…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-04 Laura Merker , Lena Scherzer , Samuel Schneider , Torsten Ueckerdt

The kernel of the natural projection of a graph product of groups onto their direct product is called the Cartesian subgroup of the graph product. This construction generalises commutator subgroups of right-angled Coxeter and Artin groups.…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-30 Fedor Vylegzhanin

Planar locally finite graphs which are almost vertex transitive are discussed. If the graph is 3-connected and has at most one end then the group of automorphisms is a planar discontinuous group and its structure is well-known. A general…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2009-05-08 M. J. Dunwoody

The generalized $k$-connectivity $\kappa_{k}(G)$ of a graph $G$, which was introduced by Chartrand et al.(1984) is a generalization of the concept of vertex connectivity. Let $G$ and $H$ be nontrivial connected graphs. Recently, Li et al.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-05-24 Hui Gao , Benjian Lv , Kaishun Wang

We classify all regular polyhedra according to their type i.e., the collection of numbers of common neighbours that any pair of distinct vertices may have (polyhedra are planar, $3$-connected graphs). As an application, we recover the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-23 Riccardo W. Maffucci

In this paper we describe a heuristic for decomposing a directed graph into factors according to the direct product (also known as Kronecker, cardinal or tensor product). Given a directed, unweighted graph~$G$ with adjacency matrix…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Luca Calderoni , Luciano Margara , Moreno Marzolla

We propose a novel method for the construction of orthogonal arrays. The algorithm makes use of the Kronecker Product operator in association with unit column vectors to generate new orthogonal arrays from existing orthogonal arrays. The…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2012-10-26 Ankit Pat

Mixed connectivity is a generalization of vertex and edge connectivity. A graph is $(p,0)$-connected, $p>0$, if the graph remains connected after removal of any $p-1$ vertices. A graph is $(p,q)$-connected, $p\geq 0$, $q>0$, if it remains…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-02-15 Rija Erves , Janez Zerovnik

In this thesis, we study the structure of the polyhedral product $\mathcal{Z}_{\mathcal{K}}(D^1,S^0)$ determined by an abstract simplicial complex ${\mathcal{K}}$ and the pair $(D^1,S^0)$. We showed that there is natural embedding of the…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2020-07-28 Shouman Das