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In this paper we propose a measure of clustering quality or accuracy that is appropriate in situations where it is desirable to evaluate a clustering algorithm by somehow comparing the clusters it produces with ``ground truth' consisting of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-01-07 Byron E Dom

Numerous papers ask how difficult it is to cluster data. We suggest that the more relevant and interesting question is how difficult it is to cluster data sets {\em that can be clustered well}. More generally, despite the ubiquity and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-05-23 Amit Daniely , Nati Linial , Michael Saks

For linear regression models with cross-section or panel data, it is natural to assume that the disturbances are clustered in two dimensions. However, the finite-sample properties of two-way cluster-robust tests and confidence intervals are…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-13 James G. MacKinnon , Morten Ørregaard Nielsen , Matthew D. Webb

Constrained clustering is a semi-supervised task that employs a limited amount of labelled data, formulated as constraints, to incorporate domain-specific knowledge and to significantly improve clustering accuracy. Previous work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Pouya Shati , Eldan Cohen , Sheila McIlraith

Suppose data are fitted to some parametric model but that the true model happens to be one with an additional parameter. When a parameter is to be estimated one can use likelihood estimation in the wider model or in the narrow model.…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-27 Nils Lid Hjort

This article concerns the dimension reduction in regression for large data set. We introduce a new method based on the sliced inverse regression approach, called cluster-based regularized sliced inverse regression. Our method not only keeps…

Applications · Statistics 2013-12-03 Yue Yu , Zhihong Chen , Jie Yang

Cluster analysis refers to a wide range of data analytic techniques for class discovery and is popular in many application fields. To judge the quality of a clustering result, different cluster validation procedures have been proposed in…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-11 Theresa Ullmann , Christian Hennig , Anne-Laure Boulesteix

Internal cluster validity measures (such as the Calinski-Harabasz, Dunn, or Davies-Bouldin indices) are frequently used for selecting the appropriate number of partitions a dataset should be split into. In this paper we consider what…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-31 Marek Gagolewski , Maciej Bartoszuk , Anna Cena

Model selection is a major challenge in non-parametric clustering. There is no universally admitted way to evaluate clustering results for the obvious reason that no ground truth is available. The difficulty to find a universal evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Alex Mourer , Florent Forest , Mustapha Lebbah , Hanane Azzag , Jérôme Lacaille

The main focus of the analysts who deal with clustered data is usually not on the clustering variables, and hence the group-specific parameters are treated as nuisance. If a fixed effects formulation is preferred and the total number of…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-01 Claudia Di Caterina , Giuliana Cortese , Nicola Sartori

Estimating the prevalence of a category in a population using imperfect measurement devices (diagnostic tests, classifiers, or large language models) is fundamental to science, public health, and online trust and safety. Standard approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Fridolin Linder , Thomas Leeper , Daniel Haimovich , Niek Tax , Lorenzo Perini , Milan Vojnovic

Clustering is one of the most common unsupervised learning tasks in machine learning and data mining. Clustering algorithms have been used in a plethora of applications across several scientific fields. However, there has been limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-09 Quang N. Tran , Ba-Ngu Vo , Dinh Phung , Ba-Tuong Vo

Validation plays a crucial role in the clustering process. Many different internal validity indexes exist for the purpose of determining the best clustering solution(s) from a given collection of candidates, e.g., as produced by different…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-23 Connor Simpson , Ricardo J. G. B. Campello , Elizabeth Stojanovski

We propose a method for estimating coefficients in multivariate regression when there is a clustering structure to the response variables. The proposed method includes a fusion penalty, to shrink the difference in fitted values from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-28 Bradley S. Price , Ben Sherwood

Unsupervised machine learning, and in particular data clustering, is a powerful approach for the analysis of datasets and identification of characteristic features occurring throughout a dataset. It is gaining popularity across scientific…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-03-23 Maria El Abbassi , Jan Overbeck , Oliver Braun , Michel Calame , Herre S. J. van der Zant , Mickael L. Perrin

A measure of distance between two clusterings has important applications, including clustering validation and ensemble clustering. Generally, such distance measure provides navigation through the space of possible clusterings. Mostly used…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2015-09-01 Reihaneh Rabbany , Osmar R. Zaïane

In this work we present a clustering technique called \textit{multi-level conformal clustering (MLCC)}. The technique is hierarchical in nature because it can be performed at multiple significance levels which yields greater insight into…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-25 Ilia Nouretdinov , James Gammerman , Matteo Fontana , Daljit Rehal

The consistency of the maximum likelihood estimator for mixtures of elliptically-symmetric distributions for estimating its population version is shown, where the underlying distribution $P$ is nonparametric and does not necessarily belong…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-14 Pietro Coretto , Christian Hennig

This paper considers inference when there is a single treated cluster and a fixed number of control clusters, a setting that is common in empirical work, especially in difference-in-differences designs. We use the t-statistic and develop…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-11-11 Chun Pong Lau , Xinran Li

We considered the problem how to handle the exploding number of possibilities to be sorted into irreducible classes by using a clustering tool when its input capacity cannot accommodate the total number of the possibility. Concrete…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-04-20 Keishu Utimula , Genki I. Prayogo , Kousuke Nakano , Kenta Hongo , Ryo Maezono