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Conformal prediction is an emerging technique for uncertainty quantification that constructs prediction sets guaranteed to contain the true label with a predefined probability. Previous works often employ temperature scaling to calibrate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Huajun Xi , Jianguo Huang , Kangdao Liu , Lei Feng , Hongxin Wei

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of natural language processing with their impressive reasoning and question-answering capabilities. However, these models are sometimes prone to generating credible-sounding but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ranganath Krishnan , Piyush Khanna , Omesh Tickoo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in high-stakes domains such as finance, healthcare, and education, where reliable multi-turn interactions with users are essential. However, existing work on confidence estimation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhaohan Zhang , Chengzhengxu Li , Xiaoming Liu , Chao Shen , Ziquan Liu , Ioannis Patras

Despite their remarkable capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to generate responses that contradict verifiable facts, i.e., unfaithful hallucination content. Existing efforts generally focus on optimizing model parameters or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Dingkang Yang , Dongling Xiao , Jinjie Wei , Mingcheng Li , Zhaoyu Chen , Ke Li , Lihua Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are known to hallucinate, producing natural language outputs that are not grounded in the input, reference materials, or real-world knowledge. In enterprise applications where AI features support business…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Hagyeong Shin , Binoy Robin Dalal , Iwona Bialynicka-Birula , Navjot Matharu , Ryan Muir , Xingwei Yang , Samuel W. K. Wong

Major cloud providers have employed advanced AI-based solutions like large language models to aid humans in identifying the root causes of cloud incidents. Despite the growing prevalence of AI-driven assistants in the root cause analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Dylan Zhang , Xuchao Zhang , Chetan Bansal , Pedro Las-Casas , Rodrigo Fonseca , Saravan Rajmohan

The increased use of large language models (LLMs) across a variety of real-world applications calls for mechanisms to verify the factual accuracy of their outputs. Difficulties lie in assessing the factuality of free-form responses in open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Yuxia Wang , Minghan Wang , Hasan Iqbal , Georgi Georgiev , Jiahui Geng , Preslav Nakov

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit deficient reasoning or generate hallucinations. To address these, studies prefixed with "Self-" such as Self-Consistency, Self-Improve, and Self-Refine have been initiated. They share a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Xun Liang , Shichao Song , Zifan Zheng , Hanyu Wang , Qingchen Yu , Xunkai Li , Rong-Hua Li , Yi Wang , Zhonghao Wang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have manifested strong visual question answering capability. However, they still struggle with aligning the rationale and the generated answer, leading to inconsistent reasoning and incorrect responses.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Yuanchen Wu , Ke Yan , Shouhong Ding , Ziyin Zhou , Xiaoqiang Li

Empowering large language models to accurately express confidence in their answers is essential for trustworthy decision-making. Previous confidence elicitation methods, which primarily rely on white-box access to internal model information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Miao Xiong , Zhiyuan Hu , Xinyang Lu , Yifei Li , Jie Fu , Junxian He , Bryan Hooi

Knowledge augmentation has significantly enhanced the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive tasks. However, existing methods typically operate on the simplistic premise that model performance equates with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Hao Chen , Ye He , Yuchun Fan , Yukun Yan , Zhenghao Liu , Qingfu Zhu , Maosong Sun , Wanxiang Che

Producing trustworthy and reliable Large Language Models (LLMs) has become increasingly important as their usage becomes more widespread. Calibration seeks to achieve this by improving the alignment between the model's confidence and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Glenn Zhang , Treasure Mayowa , Jason Fan , Yicheng Fu , Aaron Sandoval , Sean O'Brien , Kevin Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive zero-shot performance on inference tasks. However, LLMs may suffer from spurious correlations between input texts and output labels, which limits LLMs' ability to reason based purely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Yingjie Li , Yun Luo , Xiaotian Xie , Yue Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used as automated judges, where practical value depends on both accuracy and trustworthy, risk-aware judgments. Existing approaches predominantly focus on accuracy, overlooking the necessity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zailong Tian , Zhuoheng Han , Yanzhe Chen , Haozhe Xu , Xi Yang , Richeng Xuan , Houfeng Wang , Lizi Liao

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to generating fluent but incorrect content, known as confabulation, which poses increasing risks in multi-turn or agentic applications where outputs may be reused as context. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Tianyi Zhou , Johanne Medina , Sanjay Chawla

The use of deep neural networks in real-world applications require well-calibrated networks with confidence scores that accurately reflect the actual probability. However, it has been found that these networks often provide over-confident…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Linwei Tao , Minjing Dong , Chang Xu

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit excellent performance in natural language processing (NLP), but remain highly sensitive to the quality of input queries, especially when these queries contain misleading or inaccurate information.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Guocong Li , Weize Liu , Yihang Wu , Ping Wang , Shuaihan Huang , Hongxia Xu , Jian Wu

Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at many tasks and will even explain their reasoning, so-called self-explanations. However, convincing and wrong self-explanations can lead to unsupported confidence in LLMs, thus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Andreas Madsen , Sarath Chandar , Siva Reddy

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) often suffer from hallucinations, particularly errors in object existence, attributes, or relations, which undermine their reliability. We introduce TACO (Verified Atomic Confidence Estimation), a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Jiarui Liu , Weihao Xuan , Zhijing Jin , Mona Diab

Knowledge probing quantifies how much relational knowledge a language model (LM) has acquired during pre-training. Existing knowledge probes evaluate model capabilities through metrics like prediction accuracy and precision. Such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Christopher Kissling , Elena Merdjanovska , Alan Akbik