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Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely adopted in a wide range of tasks, leading to increasing attention towards the research on how scaling LLMs affects their performance. Existing works, termed Scaling Laws, have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yizhe Xiong , Xiansheng Chen , Xin Ye , Hui Chen , Zijia Lin , Haoran Lian , Zhenpeng Su , Wei Huang , Jianwei Niu , Jungong Han , Guiguang Ding

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for reasoning tasks using reinforcement learning methods like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is computationally expensive. To address this, we propose a predictive framework that models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Datta Nimmaturi , Vaishnavi Bhargava , Rajat Ghosh , Johnu George , Debojyoti Dutta

Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing how users interact with information systems, yet their high inference cost poses serious scalability and sustainability challenges. Caching inference responses, allowing them to be retrieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Xutong Liu , Baran Atalar , Xiangxiang Dai , Jinhang Zuo , Siwei Wang , John C. S. Lui , Wei Chen , Carlee Joe-Wong

Low precision training and inference affect both the quality and cost of language models, but current scaling laws do not account for this. In this work, we devise "precision-aware" scaling laws for both training and inference. We propose…

In this paper, we study a general online linear programming problem whose formulation encompasses many practical dynamic resource allocation problems, including internet advertising display applications, revenue management, various routing,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Patrick Jaillet , Xin Lu

Code Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing software engineering. However, scaling laws that guide the efficient training are predominantly analyzed on Natural Language (NL). Given the fundamental differences like strict syntax…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xianzhen Luo , Wenzhen Zheng , Qingfu Zhu , Rongyi Zhang , Houyi Li , Siming Huang , YuanTao Fan , Wanxiang Che

We challenge the dominant focus on neural scaling laws and advocate for a paradigm shift toward downscaling in the development of large language models (LLMs). While scaling laws have provided critical insights into performance improvements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yash Goel , Ayan Sengupta , Tanmoy Chakraborty

In this work, we provide a large-scale empirical study of the scaling properties of multilingual neural machine translation models. We examine how increases in the model size affect the model performance and investigate the role of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Patrick Fernandes , Behrooz Ghorbani , Xavier Garcia , Markus Freitag , Orhan Firat

Neural scaling laws underlie many of the recent advances in deep learning, yet their theoretical understanding remains largely confined to linear models. In this work, we present a systematic analysis of scaling laws for quadratic and…

Low-precision training is critical for optimizing the trade-off between model quality and training costs, necessitating the joint allocation of model size, dataset size, and numerical precision. While empirical scaling laws suggest that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-27 Dechen Zhang , Xuan Tang , Yingyu Liang , Difan Zou

We design algorithms for online linear optimization that have optimal regret and at the same time do not need to know any upper or lower bounds on the norm of the loss vectors. We achieve adaptiveness to norms of loss vectors by scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-07-03 Francesco Orabona , David Pal

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, yet their scalability raises a critical question: Have we reached the scaling ceiling? This paper addresses this pivotal question by developing a unified theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Charles Luo

Compact dual-encoder models are widely used for retrieval owing to their efficiency and scalability. However, such models often underperform compared to their Large Language Model (LLM)-based retrieval counterparts, likely due to their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Pranjal A. Chitale , Bishal Santra , Yashoteja Prabhu , Amit Sharma

We present a framework for analyzing the exact dynamics of a class of online learning algorithms in the high-dimensional scaling limit. Our results are applied to two concrete examples: online regularized linear regression and principal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-13 Chuang Wang , Jonathan Mattingly , Yue M. Lu

Online learning is the cornerstone of applications like recommendation and advertising systems, where models continuously adapt to shifting data distributions. Model training for such systems is remarkably expensive, a cost that multiplies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Berivan Isik , Matthew Fahrbach , Dima Kuzmin , Nicolas Mayoraz , Emil Praun , Steffen Rendle , Raghavendra Vasudeva

Transformer-based generative models have achieved remarkable success across domains with various scaling law manifestations. However, our extensive experiments reveal persistent challenges when applying Transformer to recommendation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Songpei Xu , Shijia Wang , Da Guo , Xianwen Guo , Qiang Xiao , Bin Huang , Guanlin Wu , Chuanjiang Luo

Traditional ads recommendation systems have primarily focused on optimizing for prediction accuracy of click or conversion events using canonical metrics such as recall or normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG). With the hyper-growth…

Scaling laws for language model training traditionally characterize how performance scales with model size and dataset volume. Prior work has explored architecture variants and data treatments such as dataset filtering and noise injection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Anirudh Subramanyam , Yuxin Chen , Robert L. Grossman

Scaling laws describe how language models improve with additional data, parameters, and compute. While widely used, they are typically measured on aggregate test sets. Aggregate evaluations yield clean trends but average over heterogeneous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 William Held , David Hall , Percy Liang , Diyi Yang

Content moderation at scale remains one of the most pressing challenges in today's digital ecosystem, where billions of user- and AI-generated artifacts must be continuously evaluated for policy violations. Although recent advances in large…