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Despite MoE models leading many benchmarks, supervised fine-tuning (SFT) for the MoE architectures remains difficult because its router layers are fragile. Methods such as DenseMixer and ESFT mitigate router collapse with dense mixing or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Haoze He , Xingyuan Ding , Xuan Jiang , Xinkai Zou , Alex Cheng , Yibo Zhao , Juncheng Billy Li , Heather Miller

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has ushered in a new era of artificial intelligence, with the potential to transform various sectors through automation and insightful analysis. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Xurui Li , Juanjuan Yao

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has been widely adopted in large language models (LLMs) to reduce computation cost through model sparsity. Employing speculative decoding (SD) can further accelerate MoE inference by drafting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Liangkun Chen , Zijian Wen , Tian Wu , Xiaoxi Zhang , Chuan Wu

Sparsely activated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models are widely adopted to scale up model capacity without increasing the computation budget. However, vanilla TopK routers are trained in a discontinuous, non-differentiable way, limiting their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Ziteng Wang , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs face significant obstacles due to their massive parameter scale, which imposes memory, storage, and deployment challenges. Although recent expert merging methods promise greater efficiency by consolidating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Lujun Li , Zhu Qiyuan , Jiacheng Wang , Wei Li , Hao Gu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Channel estimation is essential to massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. While recent generative model-based approaches using lightweight diffusion models (DMs) have achieved superior performance, they typically rely on a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Zhuorui Jiang , Jun Fang , Boyu Ning , Hongbin Li , Ying-Chang Liang

We introduce LLaVA-MoD, a novel framework designed to enable the efficient training of small-scale Multimodal Language Models (s-MLLM) by distilling knowledge from large-scale MLLM (l-MLLM). Our approach tackles two fundamental challenges…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Fangxun Shu , Yue Liao , Le Zhuo , Chenning Xu , Lei Zhang , Guanghao Zhang , Haonan Shi , Long Chen , Tao Zhong , Wanggui He , Siming Fu , Haoyuan Li , Bolin Li , Zhelun Yu , Si Liu , Hongsheng Li , Hao Jiang

Most recent state-of-the-art (SOTA) large language models (LLMs) use Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures to scale model capacity without proportional per-token compute, enabling higher-quality outputs at manageable serving costs.…

Knowledge distillation describes a method for training a student network to perform better by learning from a stronger teacher network. Translating a sentence with an Neural Machine Translation (NMT) engine is time expensive and having a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-09 Markus Freitag , Yaser Al-Onaizan , Baskaran Sankaran

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are an emerging class of sparsely activated deep learning models that have sublinear compute costs with respect to their parameters. In contrast with dense models, the sparse architecture of MoE offers…

The Mixtures-of-Experts (MoE) model is a widespread distributed and integrated learning method for large language models (LLM), which is favored due to its ability to sparsify and expand models efficiently. However, the performance of MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jing Li , Zhijie Sun , Xuan He , Li Zeng , Yi Lin , Entong Li , Binfan Zheng , Rongqian Zhao , Xin Chen

Recent advancements have demonstrated that the performance of large language models (LLMs) can be significantly enhanced by scaling computational resources at test time. A common strategy involves generating multiple Chain-of-Thought (CoT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Daniele Paliotta , Junxiong Wang , Matteo Pagliardini , Kevin Y. Li , Aviv Bick , J. Zico Kolter , Albert Gu , François Fleuret , Tri Dao

Modern networks carry increasingly diverse and encrypted traffic types that demand classification techniques beyond traditional port-based and payload-based methods. This tutorial provides a practical, end-to-end guide to building…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Adrian Pekar , Richard Plny , Karel Hynek

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become the dominant architecture for scaling large language models: frontier models routinely decouple total parameters from per-token computation through sparse expert routing. Scaling laws show that under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chaitanya Dwivedi , Binxuan Huang , Himanshu Gupta , Pratik Jayarao , Neeraj Varshney , Bing Yin

Incorporating language-specific (LS) modules is a proven method to boost performance in multilingual machine translation. This approach bears similarity to Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) because it does not inflate FLOPs. However, the scalability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Haoran Xu , Weiting Tan , Shuyue Stella Li , Yunmo Chen , Benjamin Van Durme , Philipp Koehn , Kenton Murray

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale more effectively than dense models due to sparse computation through expert routing, selectively activating only a small subset of expert modules. However, sparse computation challenges traditional…

Many text mining models are constructed by fine-tuning a large deep pre-trained language model (PLM) in downstream tasks. However, a significant challenge nowadays is maintaining performance when we use a lightweight model with limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Weifeng Jiang , Qianren Mao , Chenghua Lin , Jianxin Li , Ting Deng , Weiyi Yang , Zheng Wang

The mixture of experts (MoE) model is a versatile framework for predictive modeling that has gained renewed interest in the age of large language models. A collection of predictive ``experts'' is learned along with a ``gating function''…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-14 Oh-Ran Kwon , Gourab Mukherjee , Jacob Bien

We present a toolkit for creating low-cost Mixture-of-Domain-Experts (MOE) from trained models. The toolkit can be used for creating a mixture from models or from adapters. We perform extensive tests and offer guidance on defining the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Rhui Dih Lee , Laura Wynter , Raghu Kiran Ganti

In a distributed mixture-of-experts (MoE) system, a server collaborates with multiple specialized expert clients to perform inference. The server extracts features from input data and dynamically selects experts based on their areas of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Qiuchen Song , Shusen Jing , Shuai Zhang , Songyang Zhang , Chuan Huang