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With the surge of Machine Learning (ML), An emerging amount of intelligent applications have been developed. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated unprecedented performance across various fields such as medical diagnosis and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Xinqiao Zhang , Huili Chen , Ke Huang , Farinaz Koushanfar

Trojan backdoors can be injected into large language models at various stages, including pretraining, fine-tuning, and in-context learning, posing a significant threat to the model's alignment. Due to the nature of causal language modeling,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Vedant Bhasin , Matthew Yudin , Razvan Stefanescu , Rauf Izmailov

With tools like GitHub Copilot, automatic code suggestion is no longer a dream in software engineering. These tools, based on large language models, are typically trained on massive corpora of code mined from unvetted public sources. As a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Hojjat Aghakhani , Wei Dai , Andre Manoel , Xavier Fernandes , Anant Kharkar , Christopher Kruegel , Giovanni Vigna , David Evans , Ben Zorn , Robert Sim

In this paper, we propose a novel host-free Trojan attack with triggers that are fixed in the semantic space but not necessarily in the pixel space. In contrast to existing Trojan attacks which use clean input images as hosts to carry…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Haripriya Harikumar , Kien Do , Santu Rana , Sunil Gupta , Svetha Venkatesh

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming an integrated part of software development. These models are trained on large datasets for code, where it is hard to verify each data point. Therefore, a potential attack surface can be to inject…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Aftab Hussain , Md Rafiqul Islam Rabin , Toufique Ahmed , Mohammad Amin Alipour , Bowen Xu

Deep neural network (DNN) classifiers are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. An adversary poisons some of the training data in such attacks by installing a trigger. The goal is to make the trained DNN output the attacker's desired class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Hadi M. Dolatabadi , Sarah Erfani , Christopher Leckie

Recent work has demonstrated robust mechanisms by which attacks can be orchestrated on machine learning models. In contrast to adversarial examples, backdoor or trojan attacks embed surgically modified samples with targeted labels in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Zhaoyuan Yang , Naresh Iyer , Johan Reimann , Nurali Virani

We propose Februus; a new idea to neutralize highly potent and insidious Trojan attacks on Deep Neural Network (DNN) systems at run-time. In Trojan attacks, an adversary activates a backdoor crafted in a deep neural network model using a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Bao Gia Doan , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Damith C. Ranasinghe

In this work, we study literature in Explainable AI and Safe AI to understand poisoning of neural models of code. In order to do so, we first establish a novel taxonomy for Trojan AI for code, and present a new aspect-based classification…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Aftab Hussain , Md Rafiqul Islam Rabin , Toufique Ahmed , Navid Ayoobi , Bowen Xu , Prem Devanbu , Mohammad Amin Alipour

In machine learning Trojan attacks, an adversary trains a corrupted model that obtains good performance on normal data but behaves maliciously on data samples with certain trigger patterns. Several approaches have been proposed to detect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-02 Xiaojun Xu , Qi Wang , Huichen Li , Nikita Borisov , Carl A. Gunter , Bo Li

Recently, Deep Learning (DL), especially Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), develops rapidly and is applied to many tasks, such as image classification, face recognition, image segmentation, and human detection. Due to its superior…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-13 Wenshuo Li , Jincheng Yu , Xuefei Ning , Pengjun Wang , Qi Wei , Yu Wang , Huazhong Yang

The success of deep neural networks (DNNs) in real-world applications has benefited from abundant pre-trained models. However, the backdoored pre-trained models can pose a significant trojan threat to the deployment of downstream DNNs.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Haibo Jin , Ruoxi Chen , Jinyin Chen , Haibin Zheng , Yang Zhang , Haohan Wang

Trojan backdoor is a poisoning attack against Neural Network (NN) classifiers in which adversaries try to exploit the (highly desirable) model reuse property to implant Trojans into model parameters for backdoor breaches through a poisoned…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Guanxiong Liu , Abdallah Khreishah , Fatima Sharadgah , Issa Khalil

Deep neural networks are utilized in a growing number of industries. Much of the current literature focuses on the applications of deep neural networks without discussing the security of the network itself. One security issue facing deep…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Joshua Strubel

Machine learning models that use deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. An adversary carrying out a backdoor attack embeds a predefined perturbation called a trigger into a small subset of input samples and trains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Arezoo Rajabi , Surudhi Asokraj , Fengqing Jiang , Luyao Niu , Bhaskar Ramasubramanian , Jim Ritcey , Radha Poovendran

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is one of the most popular algorithms to realize an autonomous driving (AD) system. The key success factor of DRL is that it embraces the perception capability of deep neural networks which, however, have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Yinbo Yu , Jiajia Liu

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to attacks from adversarial inputs and, more recently, Trojans to misguide or hijack the model's decision. We expose the existence of an intriguing class of spatially bounded, physically realizable,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Bao Gia Doan , Minhui Xue , Shiqing Ma , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Damith C. Ranasinghe

Chip manufacturing is a complex process, and to achieve a faster time to market, an increasing number of untrusted third-party tools and designs from around the world are being utilized. The use of these untrusted third party intellectual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Kiran Thorat , Amit Hasan , Caiwen Ding , Zhijie Shi

A security threat to deep neural networks (DNN) is backdoor contamination, in which an adversary poisons the training data of a target model to inject a Trojan so that images carrying a specific trigger will always be classified into a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Di Tang , XiaoFeng Wang , Haixu Tang , Kehuan Zhang

An emerging amount of intelligent applications have been developed with the surge of Machine Learning (ML). Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated unprecedented performance across various fields such as medical diagnosis and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Xinqiao Zhang , Huili Chen , Farinaz Koushanfar