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State of the art qubit systems are reaching the gate fidelities required for scalable quantum computation architectures. Further improvements in the fidelity of quantum gates demands characterization and benchmarking protocols that are…

Nonstabilizerness, or magic, constitutes a fundamental resource for quantum computation and a crucial ingredient for quantum advantage. Recent progress has substantially advanced the characterization of magic in many-body quantum systems,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Somnath Maity , Ryusuke Hamazaki

We consider the costs and benefits of embedding the states of one quantum system within those of another. Such embeddings are ubiquitous, e.g., in error correcting codes and in symmetry-constrained systems. In particular we investigate the…

The characterization of nonstabilizerness is fruitful due to its application in gate synthesis and classical simulation. In particular, the resource monotone called the stabilizer extent is a useful tool to estimate the simulation cost…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Hiroki Hamaguchi , Kou Hamada , Naoki Marumo , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

Quantum magic, quantified by nonstabilizerness, measures departures from stabilizer structure and underlies potential quantum speedups. We introduce an efficient classical framework for computing stabilizer R\'enyi entropies and stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Zhenyu Xiao , Shinsei Ryu

Quantum circuit compilation comprises many computationally hard reasoning tasks that nonetheless lie inside #$\mathbf{P}$ and its decision counterpart in $\mathbf{PP}$. The classical simulation of general quantum circuits is a core example.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-13 Jingyi Mei , Marcello Bonsangue , Alfons Laarman

The Eastin-Knill theorem states that no quantum error correcting code can have a universal set of transversal gates. For CSS codes that can implement Clifford gates transversally it suffices to provide one additional non-Clifford gate, such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-15 Christophe Piveteau , David Sutter , Sergey Bravyi , Jay M. Gambetta , Kristan Temme

We propose a general method for preparing stabilizer states with reduced two-qubit gate count and depth compared to the state of the art. The method starts from a graph state representation of the stabilizer state and iteratively reduces…

Quantum circuit simulation is paramount to the verification and optimization of quantum algorithms, and considerable research efforts have been made towards efficient simulators. While circuits often contain high-level gates such as oracles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Adam Husted Kjelstrøm , Andreas Pavlogiannis , Jaco van de Pol

We start by studying the subgroup structures underlying stabilizer circuits and we use our results to propose a new normal form for stabilizer circuits. This normal form is computed by induction using simple conjugation rules in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-05 Marc Bataille

Arithmetic operations are an important component of many quantum algorithms. As such, coming up with optimized quantum circuits for these operations leads to more efficient implementations of the corresponding algorithms. In this paper, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Priyanka Mukhopadhyay , Alexandru Gheorghiu , Hari Krovi

Stabilizer states along with Clifford manipulations (unitary transformations and measurements) thereof -- despite being efficiently simulable on a classical computer -- are an important tool in quantum information processing, with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Ashlesha Patil , Saikat Guha

Quantum computing's promise lies in its intrinsic complexity, with entanglement initially heralded as its hallmark. However, the quest for quantum advantage extends beyond entanglement, encompassing the realm of nonstabilizer (magic)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Antonio Francesco Mello , Guglielmo Lami , Mario Collura

Bounding the cost of classically simulating the outcomes of universal quantum circuits to additive error $\delta$ is often called weak simulation and is a direct way to determine when they confer a quantum advantage. Weak simulation of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-04 Lucas Kocia

Recent advances in classical simulation of Clifford+T circuits make use of the ZX calculus to iteratively decompose and simplify magic states into stabiliser terms. We improve on this method by studying stabiliser decompositions of ZX…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Mark Koch , Richie Yeung , Quanlong Wang

Magic-state resource theory is a fundamental framework with far-reaching applications in quantum error correction and the classical simulation of quantum systems. Recent advances have significantly deepened our understanding of magic as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Lennart Bittel , Lorenzo Leone

As quantum computing machines move towards the utility regime, it is essential that users are able to verify their delegated quantum computations with security guarantees that are (i) robust to noise (ii) composable with other secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-25 Sami Abdul Sater , Harold Ollivier

Developing space- and time-efficient logical magic state preparation protocols will likely be an essential step towards building a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computer. Motivated by this need, we introduce a scalable method for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Samyak Surti , Lucas Daguerre , Isaac H. Kim

Quantum computing offers the potential for computational abilities that can go beyond classical machines. However, they are still limited by several challenges such as noise, decoherence, and gate errors. As a result, efficient classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-01 Aditya Dubey , Zeki Zeybek , Peter Schmelcher

Consumption of magic states promotes the stabilizer model of computation to universal quantum computation. Here, we propose three different classical algorithms for simulating such universal quantum circuits, and characterize them by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-23 James R. Seddon , Bartosz Regula , Hakop Pashayan , Yingkai Ouyang , Earl T. Campbell