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The famous It\^o-Stratonovich dilemma arises when one examines a dynamical system with a multiplicative white noise. In physics literature, this dilemma is often resolved in favour of the Stratonovich prescription because of its two…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-19 Alexei Chechkin , Ilya Pavlyukevich

Suppose the observations of Lagrangian trajectories for fluid flow in some physical situation can be modelled sufficiently accurately by a spatially correlated It\^o stochastic process (with zero mean) obtained from data which is taken in…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2021-03-17 Darryl D. Holm

The Ito-Stratonovich dilemma is revisited from the perspective of the interpretation of Stratonovich calculus using shot noise. Over the long time scales of the displacement of an observable, the principal issue is how to deal with…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-05-30 W. Moon , J. S. Wettlaufer

We discuss intrinsic noise effects in stochastic multiplicative-noise partial differential equations, which are qualitatively independent of the noise interpretation (Ito vs. Stratonovich), in particular in the context of noise-induced…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-10 O. Carrillo , M. Ibanes , J. Garcia-Ojalvo , J. Casademunt , J. M. Sancho

Interpreting the noise in a stochastic differential equation, in particular the It\^o versus Stratonovich dilemma, is a problem that has generated a lot of debate in the physical literature. In the last decades, a third interpretation of…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Carlos Escudero , Helder Rojas

We investigate the origin of non-Markovianity in stochastic inflation and its implications for nonlinear perturbation theory. In the Schwinger--Keldysh formulation, the noise terms sourcing the infrared (IR) Langevin equations are…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-04 Diego Cruces , Tomotaka Kuroda

Quantum stochastic processes are widely used in describing open quantum systems and in the context of quantum foundations. Physically relevant quantum stochastic processes driven by multiplicative colored noise are generically non-Markovian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Aritro Mukherjee

Stochastic inflation is an effective theory describing the super-Hubble, coarse-grained, scalar fields driving inflation, by a set of Langevin equations. We previously highlighted the difficulty of deriving a theory of stochastic inflation…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-05-12 Lucas Pinol , Sébastien Renaux-Petel , Yuichiro Tada

A recent paper of Melbourne & Stuart, A note on diffusion limits of chaotic skew product flows, Nonlinearity 24 (2011) 1361-1367, gives a rigorous proof of convergence of a fast-slow deterministic system to a stochastic differential…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-06-15 Georg A. Gottwald , Ian Melbourne

In this work we study a stochastic version of the Friedmann acceleration equation. This model has been proposed in the cosmology literature as a possible explanation of the uncertainty found in the experimental quantification of the Hubble…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2022-02-16 Carlos Escudero , Carlos Manada

Stochastic inflation is widely used as a framework to study scalar field perturbations on an inflationary spacetime in a classical manner. In Starobinsky's seminal work and most of the subsequent literature, stochastic inflation is driven…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-22 Zahra Ahmadi , Mahdiyar Noorbala

We present a review on the state-of-the-art of the mathematical framework known as stochastic inflation, paying special attention to its derivation and giving references for the readers interested on results coming from the application of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-06-20 Diego Cruces

It is widely assumed that there exists a simple transformation from the It\^o interpretation to the one by Stratonovich and back for any stochastic differential equation of applied interest. While this transformation exists under suitable…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-03-24 Álvaro Correales , Carlos Escudero

A free choice of the integration sense would lead to the paradox that the number of possible equations (thus of solutions for a given model) can vary under a mere change of the variables. This is shown by a specific change which neutralizes…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-04-18 Dietrich Ryter

We derive stochastic differential equations whose solutions follow the flow of a stochastic nonlinear Lie algebra operation on a configuration manifold. For this purpose, we develop a stochastic Clebsch action principle, in which the noise…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2019-01-15 A. B. Cruzeiro , D. D. Holm , T. S. Ratiu

We prove that a solution, in a variational framework, to the Stratonovich stochastic partial differential equation with noise $G\left(t, \Psi_t\right) \circ dW_t$ is given by a solution to the It\^{o} equation with It\^{o}-Stratonovich…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-08-06 Daniel Goodair

The problem of the Taylor-Ito and Taylor-Stratonovich expansions of the Ito stochastic processes in a neighborhood of a fixed moment of time is considered. The classical forms of the Taylor-Ito and Taylor-Stratonovich expansions are…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Dmitriy F. Kuznetsov

This article proposes a method for forming invariant stochastic differential systems, namely dynamic systems with trajectories belonging to a given smooth manifold. The It\^o or Stratonovich stochastic differential equations with the Wiener…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Konstantin A. Rybakov

We add a thermal noise to Starobinsky equation of slow roll inflation. We calculate the number of e-folds of the stochastic system. The power spectrum and the spectral index are evaluated from the fluctuations of e-folds using an expansion…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-08-01 Z. Haba

Stochastic parameterizations are used in numerical weather prediction and climate modeling to help capture the uncertainty in the simulations and improve their statistical properties. Convergence issues can arise when time integration…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-06-24 Panos Stinis , Huan Lei , Jing Li , Hui Wan
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