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Understanding cooperation in social dilemmas requires models that capture the complexity of real-world interactions. While network frameworks have provided valuable insights to model the evolution of cooperation, they are unable to encode…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-07-15 Onkar Sadekar , Andrea Civilini , Vito Latora , Federico Battiston

Synergies between evolutionary game theory and statistical physics have significantly improved our understanding of public cooperation in structured populations. Multiplex networks, in particular, provide the theoretical framework within…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-07-13 Federico Battiston , Matjaz Perc , Vito Latora

Heterogeneity has been studied as one of the most common explanations of the puzzle of cooperation in social dilemmas. A large number of papers have been published discussing the effects of increasing heterogeneity in structured populations…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-11-13 Marcos Cardinot , Josephine Griffith , Colm O'Riordan

We study the evolution of behavior under reinforcement learning in a Prisoner's Dilemma where agents interact in a regular network and can learn about whether they play one-shot or repeatedly by incurring a cost of deliberation. With…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-03-28 Rossana Mastrandrea , Leonardo Boncinelli , Ennio Bilancini

In multi-agent systems, cooperative behavior is largely determined by the network structure which dictates the interactions among neighboring agents. These interactions often exhibit multidimensional features, either as relationships of…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2018-05-24 Viktor Stojkoski , Zoran Utkovski , Elisabeth Andre , Ljupco Kocarev

The emergence of complex networks from evolutionary games is studied occurring when agents are allowed to switch interaction partners. For this purpose a coevolutionary iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game is defined on a random network with…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Holger Ebel , Stefan Bornholdt

Objective: The study investigates the effect on cooperation in multiplayer games, when the population from which all individuals are drawn is structured - i.e. when a given individual is only competing with a small subset of the entire…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-08 Kaare B. Mikkelsen , Lars A. Bach

The emergence of cooperation among self-interested agents has been a key concern of the multi-agent systems community for decades. With the increased importance of network-mediated interaction, researchers have shifted the attention on the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-02-09 Jacques Bara , Paolo Turrini , Giulia Andrighetto

It is increasingly important that LLM agents interact effectively and safely with other goal-pursuing agents, yet, recent works report the opposite trend: LLMs with stronger reasoning capabilities behave _less_ cooperatively in mixed-motive…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Emanuel Tewolde , Xiao Zhang , David Guzman Piedrahita , Vincent Conitzer , Zhijing Jin

We study the evolution of cooperation in the spatial prisoner's dilemma game where players are allowed to establish new interactions with others. By employing a simple coevolutionary rule entailing only two crucial parameters, we find that…

Physics and Society · Physics 2011-12-30 Chunyan Zhang , Jianlei Zhang , Guangming Xie , Long Wang , Matjaz Perc

Matrix games like Prisoner's Dilemma have guided research on social dilemmas for decades. However, they necessarily treat the choice to cooperate or defect as an atomic action. In real-world social dilemmas these choices are temporally…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2017-02-13 Joel Z. Leibo , Vinicius Zambaldi , Marc Lanctot , Janusz Marecki , Thore Graepel

Game theory provides a quantitative framework for analyzing the behavior of rational agents. The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma in particular has become a standard model for studying cooperation and cheating, with cooperation often emerging as…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2015-06-18 Alexander J. Stewart , Joshua B. Plotkin

In real-life complex systems, individuals often encounter multiple social dilemmas that cannot be effectively captured using a single-game model. Furthermore, the environment and limited resources both play a crucial role in shaping…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-04-15 Chengbin Sun , Alfonso de Miguel-Arribas , Chaoqian Wang , Haoxiang Xia , Yamir Moreno

A generic property of biological, social and economical networks is their ability to evolve in time, creating and suppressing interactions. We approach this issue within the framework of an adaptive network of agents playing a Prisoner's…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2014-10-20 Martin G. Zimmermann , Victor M. Eguiluz , Maxi San Miguel

In real-world social systems, individual interactions are frequently shaped by reputation, which not only influences partner selection but also affects the nature and benefits of the interactions themselves. We propose a heterogeneous game…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Hongyu Yue , Xiaojin Xiong , Minyu Feng , Attila Szolnoki

In social dilemmas, most interactions are transient and susceptible to restructuring, leading to continuous changes in social networks over time. Typically, agents assess the rewards of their current interactions and adjust their…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-11-25 Xiaojin Xiong , Yichao Yao , Minyu Feng , Manuel Chica

We consider a network of coupled agents playing the Prisoner's Dilemma game, in which players are allowed to pick a strategy in the interval [0,1], with 0 corresponding to defection, 1 to cooperation, and intermediate values representing…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-05-28 Francesco Sorrentino , Nicholas Mecholsky

In the study of the evolution of cooperation, many mechanisms have been proposed to help overcome the self-interested cheating that is individually optimal in the Prisoners' Dilemma game. These mechanisms include assortative or networked…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-05-03 Daniel B. Cooney

The game interactions among individuals in nature are often uncertain and dynamically evolving, significantly influencing the persistence of cooperation. However, it remains a formidable challenge to effectively characterize these dynamic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Bin Pi , Minyu Feng , Liang-Jian Deng , Xiaojie Chen , Attila Szolnoki

The lack of cooperation can easily result in inequality among members of a society, which provides an increasing gap between individual incomes. To tackle this issue, we introduce an incentive mechanism based on individual strategies and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-01-24 Luo-Luo Jiang , Yi-Ming Li , Wen-Jing Li , Attila Szolnoki