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This article introduces the Projective Orchestral Database (POD), a collection of MIDI scores composed of pairs linking piano scores to their corresponding orchestrations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first database of its…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Léopold Crestel , Philippe Esling , Lena Heng , Stephen McAdams

In the domain of Music Information Retrieval (MIR), Automatic Music Transcription (AMT) emerges as a central challenge, aiming to convert audio signals into symbolic notations like musical notes or sheet music. This systematic review…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Fatemeh Jamshidi , Gary Pike , Amit Das , Richard Chapman

This work addresses the problem of matching short excerpts of audio with their respective counterparts in sheet music images. We show how to employ neural network-based cross-modality embedding spaces for solving the following two sheet…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Matthias Dorfer , Andreas Arzt , Gerhard Widmer

This paper studies the novel problem of automatic live music song identification, where the goal is, given a live recording of a song, to retrieve the corresponding studio version of the song from a music database. We propose a system based…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-15 Aapo Hakala , Trevor Kincy , Tuomas Virtanen

Online system identification algorithms are widely used for monitoring, diagnostics and control by continuously adapting to time-varying dynamics. Typically, these algorithms consider a model structure that lacks parsimony and offers…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-28 Koen Classens , Rodrigo A. González , Tom Oomen

In this work, we present Score MUsic Graph (SMUG)-Explain, a framework for generating and visualizing explanations of graph neural networks applied to arbitrary prediction tasks on musical scores. Our system allows the user to visualize the…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Emmanouil Karystinaios , Francesco Foscarin , Gerhard Widmer

This paper addresses the task of score following in sheet music given as unprocessed images. While existing work either relies on OMR software to obtain a computer-readable score representation, or crucially relies on prepared sheet image…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Florian Henkel , Rainer Kelz , Gerhard Widmer

Current approaches for explaining deep learning systems applied to musical data provide results in a low-level feature space, e.g., by highlighting potentially relevant time-frequency bins in a spectrogram or time-pitch bins in a piano…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Francesco Foscarin , Katharina Hoedt , Verena Praher , Arthur Flexer , Gerhard Widmer

A key aspect of machine learning models lies in their ability to learn efficient intermediate features. However, the input representation plays a crucial role in this process, and polyphonic musical scores remain a particularly complex type…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Mathieu Prang , Philippe Esling

Traditional methods to tackle many music information retrieval tasks typically follow a two-step architecture: feature engineering followed by a simple learning algorithm. In these "shallow" architectures, feature engineering and learning…

Sound · Computer Science 2015-11-18 Peter Li , Jiyuan Qian , Tian Wang

Music generation with the aid of computers has been recently grabbed the attention of many scientists in the area of artificial intelligence. Deep learning techniques have evolved sequence production methods for this purpose. Yet, a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-09 Majid Farzaneh , Rahil Mahdian Toroghi

Music source separation is the task of separating a mixture of instruments into constituent tracks. Music source separation models are typically trained using only audio data, although additional information can be used to improve the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-04 Eetu Tunturi , David Diaz-Guerra , Archontis Politis , Tuomas Virtanen

Score following is the process of tracking a musical performance (audio) with respect to a known symbolic representation (a score). We start this paper by formulating score following as a multimodal Markov Decision Process, the mathematical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-18 Matthias Dorfer , Florian Henkel , Gerhard Widmer

In the task of automatic program synthesis, one obtains pairs of matching inputs and outputs and generates a computer program, in a particular domain-specific language (DSL), which given each sample input returns the matching output. A key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Aran Carmon , Lior Wolf

Hierarchical representations provide powerful and principled approaches for analyzing many musical genres. Such representations have been broadly studied in music theory, for instance via Schenkerian analysis (SchA). Hierarchical music…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Stephen Ni-Hahn , Rico Zhu , Jerry Yin , Yue Jiang , Cynthia Rudin , Simon Mak

New music is made with computers, taking advantage of its graphics displays rather than its audio algorithms. Pure Data can be used to compose them. This essay will show a case study that uses Pure Data, in connection with INScore, for…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Patricio F. Calatayud

Musical score following is the real-time mapping of a performance to corresponding locations in a musical score. Score following can be used in a variety of applications including automatic page turning and real-time accompaniment. This…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Josephine Cowley

Musical (MSS) source separation of western popular music using non-causal deep learning can be very effective. In contrast, MSS for classical music is an unsolved problem. Classical ensembles are harder to separate than popular music…

The identification of structural differences between a music performance and the score is a challenging yet integral step of audio-to-score alignment, an important subtask of music information retrieval. We present a novel method to detect…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Ruchit Agrawal , Daniel Wolff , Simon Dixon

Interactive Scores is a formalism for the design and performance of interactive scenarios that provides temporal relations (TRs) among the objects of the scenario. We can model TRs among objects in Time Stream Petri nets, but it is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Mauricio Toro