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Policymakers worldwide draft privacy laws that require trading-off between safeguarding consumer privacy and preventing economic loss to companies that use consumer data. However, little empirical knowledge exists as to how privacy laws…

General Economics · Economics 2021-10-20 Julia Schmitt , Klaus M. Miller , Bernd Skiera

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) went into effect on May 25, 2018. Its privacy regulations apply to any service and company collecting or processing personal data in Europe. Many companies had to adjust their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Martin Degeling , Christine Utz , Christopher Lentzsch , Henry Hosseini , Florian Schaub , Thorsten Holz

This study explores the impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), introduced on May 25th, 2018, on online trackers, vital elements in the online advertising ecosystem. Using a difference-in-differences approach with a…

General Economics · Economics 2024-11-12 Klaus M. Miller , Karlo Lukic , Bernd Skiera

The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which went into effect in May 2018, leads to important changes in this area: companies are now required to ask for users' consent before collecting and sharing personal data and by law…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Tobias Urban , Dennis Tatang , Martin Degeling , Thorsten Holz , Norbert Pohlmann

In our data-centric world, most services rely on collecting and using personal data. The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) aims to enhance individuals' control over their data, but its practical impact is not well understood.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Alex Bowyer , Jack Holt , Josephine Go Jefferies , Rob Wilson , David Kirk , Jan David Smeddinck

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect in May 2018 and is designed to safeguard EU citizens' data privacy. The benefits of the regulation to consumers' rights and to regulators' powers are well known. The benefits to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Gerard Buckley , Tristan Caulfield , Ingolf Becker

The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is one of the most demanding and comprehensive privacy regulations of all time. A year after it went into effect, we study its impact on the landscape of privacy policies online. We conduct…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Thomas Linden , Rishabh Khandelwal , Hamza Harkous , Kassem Fawaz

This paper introduces the strategic approach to regulating personal data and the normative foundations of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation ('GDPR'). We explain the genesis of the GDPR, which is best understood as an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Chris Jay Hoofnagle , Bart van der Sloot , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), enforced from 25th May 2018, aims to reform how organisations view and control the personal data of private EU citizens. The scope of GDPR is somewhat unprecedented: it regulates every…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-08-23 Sean Sirur , Jason R. C. Nurse , Helena Webb

The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) grants European users the right to access their data processed and stored by organizations. Although the GDPR contains requirements for data processing organizations (e.g.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Daniela Pöhn , Nils Gruschka

The recently introduced General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires that when obtaining information online that could be used to identify individuals, their consents must be obtained. Among other things, this affects many common…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-06 Xuehui Hu , Nishanth Sastry

The enactment of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2018 forced any organization that collects and/or processes EU-based personal data to comply with stringent privacy regulations. Software organizations have struggled to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Ze Shi Li , Colin Werner , Neil Ernst , Daniela Damian

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was implemented in 2018 to strengthen and harmonize the data protection of individuals within the European Union. One key aspect is Article 15, which gives individuals the right to access their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Daniela Pöhn , Niklas Mörsdorf , Wolfgang Hommel

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into force in 2018. After this enforcement, many fines have already been imposed by national data protection authorities in Europe. This paper examines the individual GDPR articles…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Jukka Ruohonen , Kalle Hjerppe

After one year since the entry into force of the GDPR, all web sites and data controllers have updated their procedures to store users' data. The GDPR does not only cover how and what data should be saved by the service providers, but it…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Luca Bufalieri , Massimo La Morgia , Alessandro Mei , Julinda Stefa

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) remains the gold standard in privacy and security regulation. We investigate how the cost and effort required to implement GDPR is viewed by workers who have also experienced the regulations'…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Gerard Buckley , Tristan Caulfield , Ingolf Becker

The recent European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other data protection regulations restrict the processing of some categories of personal data (health, political orientation, sexual preferences, religious beliefs, ethnic…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-01-21 Ángel Cuevas , José González Cabañas , Aritz Arrate , Rubén Cuevas

Personal data has emerged as a highly valuable yet sensitive asset that drives business decisions, enables targeted advertising, and generates substantial revenue for companies, while simultaneously facilitating invasive monitoring of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shantanu Sharma , Ethan Myers , Lorenzo De Carli , Ritwik Banerjee , Indrakshi Ray

Conceptions of privacy differ by culture. In the Internet age, digital tools continuously challenge the way users, technologists, and governments define, value, and protect privacy. National and supranational entities attempt to regulate…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Mary Sanford , Taha Yasseri

Third-party tracking, the collection and sharing of behavioural data about individuals, is a significant and ubiquitous privacy threat in mobile apps. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was introduced in 2018 to protect…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Konrad Kollnig , Reuben Binns , Max Van Kleek , Ulrik Lyngs , Jun Zhao , Claudine Tinsman , Nigel Shadbolt
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