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The escalating reliance on revolutionary online web services has introduced heightened security risks, with persistent challenges posed by phishing despite extensive security measures. Traditional phishing systems, reliant on machine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Saba Aslam , Hafsa Aslam , Arslan Manzoor , Chen Hui , Abdur Rasool

Phishing emails are the first step for many of today's attacks. They come with a simple hyperlink, request for action or a full replica of an existing service or website. The goal is generally to trick the user to voluntarily give away his…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Suhail Paliath , Mohammad Abu Qbeitah , Monther Aldwairi

Phishing attacks remain among the most prevalent cybersecurity threats, causing significant financial losses for individuals and organizations worldwide. This paper presents a machine learning-based phishing email detection system that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Amitabh Chakravorty , Matthew Price , Nelly Elsayed , Zag ElSayed

Phishing sites continue to grow in volume and sophistication. Recent work leverages large language models (LLMs) to analyze URLs, HTML, and rendered content to decide whether a website is a phishing site. While these approaches are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Takashi Koide , Hiroki Nakano , Daiki Chiba

Model merging is a widespread technology in large language models (LLMs) that integrates multiple task-specific LLMs into a unified one, enabling the merged model to inherit the specialized capabilities of these LLMs. Most task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zhenyuan Guo , Yi Shi , Wenlong Meng , Chen Gong , Chengkun Wei , Wenzhi Chen

To address the challenging problem of detecting phishing webpages, researchers have developed numerous solutions, in particular those based on machine learning (ML) algorithms. Among these, brand-based phishing detection that uses models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Jehyun Lee , Peiyuan Lim , Bryan Hooi , Dinil Mon Divakaran

Traditional phishing detection often overlooks psychological manipulation. This study investigates using Large Language Model (LLM) In-Context Learning (ICL) for fine-grained classification of phishing emails based on a taxonomy of 40…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Antony Dalmiere , Guillaume Auriol , Vincent Nicomette , Pascal Marchand

Phishing email attacks are among the most common and most harmful cybersecurity attacks. With the emergence of generative AI, phishing attacks can be based on emails generated automatically, making it more difficult to detect them. That is,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Chibuike Samuel Eze , Lior Shamir

AI programs, built using large language models, make it possible to automatically create phishing emails based on a few data points about a user. They stand in contrast to traditional phishing emails that hackers manually design using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Fredrik Heiding , Bruce Schneier , Arun Vishwanath , Jeremy Bernstein , Peter S. Park

The ever-evolving ways attacker continues to im prove their phishing techniques to bypass existing state-of-the-art phishing detection methods pose a mountain of challenges to researchers in both industry and academia research due to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Tosin Ige , Christopher Kiekintveld , Aritran Piplai

The increase in the number of phishing demands innovative solutions to safeguard users from phishing attacks. This study explores the development and utilization of a real-time browser extension integrated with machine learning model to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Akshaya Arun , Nasr Abosata

Enterprise security is increasingly being threatened by social engineering attacks, such as phishing, which deceive employees into giving access to enterprise data. To protect both the users themselves and enterprise data, more and more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Mithün Paul , Genevieve Bartlett , Jelena Mirkovic , Marjorie Freedman

Phishing continues to be one of the most prevalent attack vectors, making accurate classification of phishing URLs essential. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising results in phishing URL detection. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Holly Trikilis , Pasindu Marasinghe , Fariza Rashid , Suranga Seneviratne

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained prominence in various applications, including security. This paper explores the utility of LLMs in scam detection, a critical aspect of cybersecurity. Unlike traditional applications, we propose a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Liming Jiang

The growth of highly advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) constitutes a huge dual-use problem, making it necessary to create dependable AI-generated text detection systems. Modern detectors are notoriously vulnerable to adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Lekkala Sai Teja , Annepaka Yadagiri , Sangam Sai Anish , Siva Gopala Krishna Nuthakki , Partha Pakray

Phishing websites remain a major cybersecurity threat, exploiting deceptive structures, brand impersonation, and social engineering to evade detection. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have improved phishing detection through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Wenhao Li , Selvakumar Manickam , Yung-wey Chong , Shankar Karuppayah

Phishing is one of the most effective ways in which cybercriminals get sensitive details such as credentials for online banking, digital wallets, state secrets, and many more from potential victims. They do this by spamming users with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Tosin Ige , Christopher Kiekintveld , Aritran Piplai , Amy Waggler , Olukunle Kolade , Bolanle Hafiz Matti

Phishing websites remain a major cybersecurity threat, yet existing methods primarily focus on detection, while the recognition of underlying malicious intentions remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we propose…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Wenhao Li , Selvakumar Manickam , Yung-wey Chong , Shankar Karuppayah

Recently, we can observe a significant increase of the phishing attacks in the Internet. In a typical phishing attack, the attacker sets up a malicious website that looks similar to the legitimate website in order to obtain the end-users'…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zijiang Yang

Typosquatting is a long-standing cyber threat that exploits human error in typing URLs to deceive users, distribute malware, and conduct phishing attacks. With the proliferation of domain names and new Top-Level Domains (TLDs),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Jackson Welch