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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can scale parameter capacity by routing each token to a subset of experts through a learned gate function. While conditional routing reduces training costs, it shifts the burden on inference memory: expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Rana Shahout , Colin Cai , Yilun Du , Minlan Yu , Michael Mitzenmacher

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) showcases tremendous potential to scale large language models (LLMs) with enhanced performance and reduced computational complexity. However, its sparsely activated architecture shifts feed-forward networks (FFNs)…

Recent large language models (LLMs) have tended to leverage sparsity to reduce computations, employing the sparsely activated mixture-of-experts (MoE) technique. MoE introduces four modules, including token routing, token communication,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Xinglin Pan , Wenxiang Lin , Lin Zhang , Shaohuai Shi , Zhenheng Tang , Rui Wang , Bo Li , Xiaowen Chu

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture in large language models, highlighting its ability to significantly enhance model performance while maintaining minimal computational overhead. Through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Danyang Zhang , Junhao Song , Ziqian Bi , Xinyuan Song , Yingfang Yuan , Tianyang Wang , Joe Yeong , Junfeng Hao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of tasks, but serving them efficiently at scale remains a critical challenge due to their substantial computational and latency demands. While most existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yifan Sun , Gholamreza Haffari , Minxian Xu , Rajkumar Buyya , Adel N. Toosi

Mixture-of-Experts large language models (MoE-LLMs) marks a significant step forward of language models, however, they encounter two critical challenges in practice: 1) expert parameters lead to considerable memory consumption and loading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Wei Huang , Yue Liao , Jianhui Liu , Ruifei He , Haoru Tan , Shiming Zhang , Hongsheng Li , Si Liu , Xiaojuan Qi

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, though highly effective for various machine learning tasks, face significant deployment challenges on memory-constrained devices. While GPUs offer fast inference, their limited memory compared to CPUs means…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yujie Zhang , Shivam Aggarwal , Tulika Mitra

Large Language Models (LLMs) with Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) architectures achieve superior model performance with reduced computation costs, but at the cost of high memory capacity and bandwidth requirements. Near-Memory Processing (NMP)…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Haochen Huang , Shuzhang Zhong , Zhe Zhang , Shuangchen Li , Dimin Niu , Hongzhong Zheng , Runsheng Wang , Meng Li

Scaling large language models has driven remarkable advancements across various domains, yet the continual increase in model size presents significant challenges for real-world deployment. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shwai He , Daize Dong , Liang Ding , Ang Li

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models improve the scalability of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a small subset of relevant experts per input. However, the sheer number of expert networks in an MoE model introduces a significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Qian Chen , Xianhao Chen , Kaibin Huang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to evolve, Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a prevailing design for achieving state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of tasks. MoE models use sparse gating to activate…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yue Pan , Zihan Xia , Po-Kai Hsu , Lanxiang Hu , Hyungyo Kim , Janak Sharda , Minxuan Zhou , Nam Sung Kim , Shimeng Yu , Tajana Rosing , Mingu Kang

Speculative decoding accelerates Large Language Model (LLM) inference by verifying multiple drafted tokens in parallel. However, for Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, this parallelism introduces a severe bottleneck: large draft trees…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Bradley McDanel , Steven Li , Sruthikesh Surineni , Harshit Khaitan

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models enhance neural network scalability by dynamically selecting relevant experts per input token, enabling larger model sizes while maintaining manageable computation costs. However, efficient training of…

With the recent advancements of deep learning technologies, the performance of voice conversion (VC) in terms of quality and similarity has been significantly improved. However, heavy computations are generally required for…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Yu-Tao Chang , Yuan-Hong Yang , Yu-Huai Peng , Syu-Siang Wang , Tai-Shih Chi , Yu Tsao , Hsin-Min Wang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to architectures with billions to trillions of parameters, posing significant deployment challenges due to their substantial demands on memory, processing power, and energy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Enshu Liu , Junyi Zhu , Zinan Lin , Xuefei Ning , Matthew B. Blaschko , Shengen Yan , Guohao Dai , Huazhong Yang , Yu Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has been gaining popularity due to its successful adaptation to large language models (LLMs). In this work, we introduce Privacy-preserving Collaborative Mixture-of-Experts (PC-MoE), which leverages the sparsity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Ze Yu Zhang , Bolin Ding , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

In today's landscape, Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a crucial architecture that has been used by many of the most advanced models. One of the major challenges of MoE models is that they usually require much more memory than their dense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Shuning Lin , Yifan He , Yitong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across various tasks, and their application in edge scenarios has attracted significant attention. However, sparse-activated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, which are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Zhiyuan Fang , Zicong Hong , Yuegui Huang , Yufeng Lyu , Wuhui Chen , Yue Yu , Fan Yu , Zibin Zheng

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture is an important method for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs). It increases model capacity while keeping computation cost low. However, the ultra-large MoE models still have hundreds of billions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yixiao Chen , Yanyue Xie , Ruining Yang , Wei Jiang , Wei Wang , Yong He , Yue Chen , Pu Zhao , Yanzhi Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture in large language models (LLMs) due to its ability to scale model capacity via sparse expert activation. Meanwhile, serverless computing, with its elasticity and pay-per-use…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Wentao Liu , Yuhao Hu , Ruiting Zhou , Baochun Li , Ne Wang
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